Fermented Parkia biglobosa seed Modulates Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Proximate composition of Acetaminophen-Exposed Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

This study evaluates the effect of Parkia biglobosa seed on growth performance, feed utilization and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings exposed to acetaminophen toxicity. Formulated diets (FD1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) containing 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35%, respectively of Parkia biglobosa seed were fed to twenty C. Gariepinus fingerlings per tank (10 L). Tank 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 had 300 mg of acetaminophen added daily. The feeding was twice daily at 2% body weight of the fish for eight weeks after the initial weight and length of the fish were taken. The results revealed a significant (p > 0.05) increase in protein, fiber and fats of formulated feeds (12.23±0.02, 50.25±0.21 and 7.50±1.42 respectively)% as compared to Acetaminophen-exposed fish fed with normal feed (10.23±0.01, 31.26±1.02 and 5.78±1.01)% of protein, fiber and fats respectively. Also, a significant (p > 0.05) increase in weight gain was observed in fish-fed formulated diets with varying graded inclusion of P. biglobosa seed (1.78±1.11gram) compared to  Acetaminophen-exposed fish fed with normal feed having weight (-12.80±1.11gram). All formulated meals provided vital nutrients for growth and feed efficiency utilization in C. gariepinus exposed to toxic agents. However, formulated diets with 25, 30, and 35% inclusion of fermented P. biglobosa seed look more promising compared to others. Consumption of diets supplemented with fermented P. biglobosa seeds by the fish would improve its nutritional constituents despite its constant exposure to toxic agents.