Assessment of Micronutrient Deficiencies Among Children Under Five in Selected Urban and Rural Areas of Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies, termed “hidden hunger,” pose significant public health challenges, particularly among children under five in developing regions. This study assessed the prevalence, determinants, and socio-economic factors associated with micronutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A) among 120 children under five in selected urban and rural areas of Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area (LGA), Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing biochemical assays, anthropometric measurements, dietary assessments, and caregiver interviews. Results revealed higher deficiency rates in rural children (58% iron deficiency compared to 38% urban) and lower mean serum levels of iron (7.88μmol/L compared to 9.29μmol/L), zinc (6.09μmol/L compared to 8.15μmol/L), and calcium (1.10mmol/L compared to 1.13mmol/L). Rural children exhibited poorer anthropometric outcomes, including higher rates of severe stunting (20% compared to 5%) and severe acute malnutrition (28% compared to 11.7% for the urban). Socio-economic factors, such as lower caregiver education (p = 0.0000), unemployment (P < 0.0001), and food insecurity (P = 0.000238) were significantly associated with deficiencies. Dietary diversity was lower in rural areas (P = 0.009), and caregiver awareness of micronutrients was notably limited (20% rural compared to 78% urban). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including supplementation, nutrition education, and agricultural support, to address micronutrient deficiencies in rural settings. Longitudinal studies are recommended to establish causality and inform policy.