Malaria Parasite Density and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Awka

Abstract

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among pregnant women, who are at increased risk due to immunological and physiological changes. This cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out to investigate malaria parasite density and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Anambra State, Nigeria. A total of 101 venous blood samples were collected and analysed for malaria parasite using microscopy, while urine samples were analyzed for biochemical markers using combi 9 test strips. Demographic information such as age, parity and gestation were obtained through structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify, associations between malaria parasite density and risk factors. Overall, malaria prevalence was 52.5%, with 11.9% of cases exhibiting high parasite density. Parasite density was significantly associated with gestational age, parity, and biochemical markers such as protein and blood presence in urine. Women in the third trimester and nulliparous women exhibited higher parasite densities. Higher malaria parasite density was also linked to lower haemoglobin levels, indicating an increased risk of malaria-induced anaemia. This study highlights the high burden of malaria among pregnant women and the urgent need for improved antenatal care services, routine malaria screening, and enhanced preventive strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated nets and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy.