Tick Paralysis in an African Duiker (Cephalophus spp.) Rescued in Southern Nigeria: A Case Report

Tick Paralysis in an African Duiker

Abstract

Tick paralysis is a neurotropic and potentially fatal condition induced by neurotoxins secreted in the saliva of engorged female Ixodid ticks. These toxins disrupt acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive paralysis and respiratory failure if not promptly managed. Although the condition is well documented in domestic animals and humans, reports from African wildlife remain rare despite the region’s high tick prevalence. This report describes a case involving an adult Cephalophus (duiker) antelope rescued near Benin City, Nigeria. The animal exhibited weakness, ataxia, loss of reflexes, and respiratory distress. Numerous engorged ticks were found on the neck and ventral abdomen. Laboratory findings revealed mild leukocytosis, and parasitological examination confirmed Ixodes species infestation. Management included meticulous tick removal, supportive therapy, intravenous fluids, dexamethasone, loratadine, vitamin B-complex, oxytetracycline, and acaricide application. Although antibiotics are not standard for treating tick paralysis, their use was justified due to possible secondary bacterial or tick-borne co-infections (e.g., anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis) and potential skin infections from immobility. The animal showed marked improvement by day three and full recovery by day five, confirming tick paralysis. This case emphasizes the critical role of early detection and supportive care in reversing a potentially fatal outcome. It also highlights the importance of routine wildlife health surveillance, ranger training, and integrated vector management to protect susceptible species in fragmented habitats.