Effect of Land Use Conflict Between Crops Farmers and Pastoralists on Their Income and Standard of Living in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examined the effect of land use conflict between crop farmers and pastoralists on their income and standard of living in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The research was prompted by the growing incidence of violent clashes between the two groups over farmland, grazing routes, and water resources, which have disrupted agricultural productivity and community stability. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 387 respondents comprising both crop farmers and pastoralists across conflict-prone wards. Primary data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and interviews, while secondary data were sourced from relevant journals, government reports, and local records. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test analysis to determine variations in income and living standards before and after the conflicts. The results revealed a significant decline in household income, agricultural output, and asset ownership among both crop farmers and pastoralists. Crop farmers’ average annual income dropped from ₦3,452,870.40 to ₦1,698,554.20, while that of pastoralists declined from ₦462,380.00 to ₦298,472.50. These conflicts resulted in reduced food availability, displacement, and weakened social cohesion. The study found a strong relationship between recurrent land use conflicts and declining standards of living in Giwa LGA. It concludes that the persistent disputes between crop farmers and pastoralists have severely undermined livelihoods and rural development in the study area. The study recommends the strengthening of local conflict-resolution mechanisms, the establishment of well-demarcated grazing routes and farmlands, the promotion of ranching systems, and post-conflict livelihood support programs to restore peace and improve economic resilience.