Physicochemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Domestic Water from Pindiga Pond, Akko L.G.A., Gombe State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Access to safe water is a major public health challenge in developing countries, such as Nigeria. This study evaluated the physicochemical, heavy metal, and bacteriological quality of domestic water from Pindiga Pond, Akko Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria, and compared the results with the WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality standards. Water samples from ten sampling points were collected between March and May and analysed using standard analytical methods to determine the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, microbial quality, and Water Quality Index (WQI). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis ANOVA at 95% CI. Most physicochemical parameters were within acceptable limits: pH (6.42–6.76), turbidity (0.33–1.44 NTU), and TDS (19.2–90.3 mg/L). However, dissolved oxygen (1.1-1.9 mg/L) and iron (1.37-2.56 mg/L) exceeded WHO limits. The heavy metals Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn were below the detection limit. Bacteriological analysis revealed severe faecal contamination, with total coliform counts (9.5-24 MPN/100 mL) and E. coli in 70% of the samples. Pathogenic bacteria, including S. typhi and V. cholerae, were isolated. Statistical analysis showed significant variation (p < 0.05) among sampling points. The WQI ranged from 1100.79 to 1216.34, indicating that the samples were unfit for human consumption. While the chemical composition meets most standards, bacteriological contamination renders the water unfit for domestic use without treatment. Point-of-use water treatment, sanitation improvement, and regular monitoring should be implemented in the future. Future studies should consider seasonal variations and employ molecular techniques for pathogen detection.