Gaps in Malaria Vector Control: Insights from Community Practices in Aba North LGA, Abia State, Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health burden in Nigeria, with transmission persisting in urban and peri-urban areas despite control efforts. Effective control depends not only on biomedical interventions but also on community knowledge, practices, and environmental conditions. This study examined malaria-related knowledge, household control practices, and ecological risk factors influencing vector abundance in Aba North Local Government Area (L.G.A.), Abia State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaires administered to households, complemented by environmental observations of breeding habitats and housing structures. Data were analyzed to assess knowledge levels, preventive practices, and perceived challenges to malaria vector control. While most respondents correctly identified mosquitoes as malaria vectors, knowledge of breeding habitats and preventive measures was limited. Household control strategies were dominated by insecticide sprays, untreated nets, and repellents, with low utilization of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and no adoption of biological control methods. Concerns about health risks and declining efficacy of insecticides were reported by 65% of respondents, and 74% were unaware of existing government or NGO-led interventions. Environmental surveys revealed stagnant water, blocked drains, and poorly constructed houses that favored mosquito breeding and human-vector contact. Findings underscore gaps in community awareness, equitable access to effective tools, and engagement in integrated vector management (IVM). Strengthening health education, ensuring subsidized ITN and IRS coverage, and linking malaria control with housing, sanitation, and urban planning are essential. Addressing these gaps through policy-supported, multi-sectoral interventions will enhance malaria elimination efforts in the region.