GC-MS Analysis on the Methanolic Leaves, Stem and Root Extract of Hyptis suaveolens

Abstract

Phytochemical profiling of medicinal plants provides critical insights into their chemical composition and supports the scientific validation of ethnomedicinal applications. Hyptis suaveolens, a member of the Lamiaceae, is widely utilized in traditional medicine for the management of infections, fever, and malaria. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical constituents of the methanolic extracts of leaves, stem, and root of H. suaveolens using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Hyptis suaveolens were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, pulverized, and extracted with methanol using standard procedures. The resulting extracts were subjected to GC–MS analysis employing an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled with a 5975 mass selective detector. Compound identification was achieved by comparison of mass spectra with reference library databases. The chromatographic analysis revealed a diverse array of phytochemical classes, including fatty acids, methyl esters, phenolic compounds, heterocyclic derivatives, hydrocarbons, and terpenoid-related compounds. Predominant constituents in the leaf extract included 1-dodecanol, 2-methyl-, (S)- (23.592%), 7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane, 1,5-dimethyl- (17.235%), and 9,17-octadecadienal (14.404%). The stem extract was characterized by relatively high proportions of 5-vinyl-pyrazole (20.723%) and 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyne (19.793%). In the root extract, cis-vaccenic acid (37.05%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (13.25%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (12.71%) were the major detected compounds. This study provides a comprehensive chemical profile of different parts of H. suaveolens. The findings establish baseline phytochemical data that may guide future bioassay-directed investigations. However, the present work is limited to chemical characterization, and no biological activity is inferred from the GC–MS data alone.