Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA (SAJOLS) is an Open Access Journal hosted by the Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. Currently, it publishes peer-reviewed open access journals online and in print, covering a diverse range of academic disciplines within (but not limited to) Life Sciences and allied fields. By offering its publications in Open Access, SAJOLS seeks to provide for the global academic community and facilitates the advancement and application of science.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Application of Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Docking in Early Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a growing global health threat, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and increased cost of health care. Traditional diagnostic methods for AMR, relying on phenotypic culture and susceptibility testing, are time-consuming and often fail to provide rapid insights necessary for effective treatment decisions. Computational approaches, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and molecular docking, offer promising alternatives for early detection of resistance by analyzing genomic, proteomic, a paradigm shift by enabling rapid target identification, ligand screening, drug optimization and structural data. This systematic review examines recent advances in AI algorithms and molecular docking techniques applied to AMR detection, evaluates their predictive performances and discusses integration challenges into clinical workflows. Findings suggest that AI-driven models can accurately predict resistance patterns, while molecular docking provides mechanistic insights into drug-target interactions and resistance mutations. Hybrid AI-docking approaches demonstrate enhanced predictive capacity, offering potential for early intervention and personalized antimicrobial therapy. Future research should focus on multi-omics integration, standardization of data pipelines, and real-world validation.
Antimicrobial resistance; Artificial intelligence; Early detection; In silico modeling; Machine learning; Molecular docking
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA
Exploring the Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Potential of Albizia chevalieri Leaves Extract through GC-MS and TLC Investigation
Albizia chevalieri has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. Its bark, leaves, and flowers are utilized in treating a range of ailments, including skin conditions, digestive problems, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, haemorrhoids, asthma, leprosy and gonorrhoea and respiratory issues. Albizia chevalieri leaves were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and subjected to cold extraction (maceration) using dichloromethane, and methanol respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined using standard antimicrobial tests against Bacillus amyloquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas auruginosa, and Trichophyton rubrum. The most active extract was thereafter subjected to gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis. Results of the antimicrobial activity test of the extracts had showed appreciable antimicrobial activity against Bacillus amyloquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton rubrum (with MIC values ranging from 250 mg/ml to 125 mg/ml). The results demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, highlighting the potential of the compound as an antimicrobial agent. The GCMS analysis identified 21 compounds from dichloromethane crude extract. Out of these, five (5) compounds were most abundant (revealed >5% peak areas on GC chromatogram)., which were: 1-octadecane 1-iodo, dibutylphthalate, henecosine, oxirintetradecyl and tetrapentacontane. The antimicrobial activity of Albizia chevalieri against the pathogenic microorganisms is ascribable to these phytocompounds, thereby proving proof for its ethnomedicinal uses.
Albizia chevalieri; Antimicrobial; Crude extract; GCMS; Phytochemicals; TLC
Utilization of Saliva in Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests Kits in Dutsin-ma, Katsina, Nigeria
A diagnostic technique that is easy to perform, sensitive, and specific is critically essential in any disease control plan. This study aimed to determine the viability of using saliva in the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits in Dutsin-ma, Katsina, Nigeria. Blood and saliva samples from suspected malaria patients were obtained and analysed for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 using pfhrp2 antigen detection kits (First Response and Arkray). Malaria parasitaemia count was also determined by microscopy. The sensitivities and specificities of both RDT-blood and RDT-saliva were compared. The results from 376 suspected malaria patients who provided both blood and saliva samples for this study revealed a prevalence rate of 54.3% for Plasmodium falciparum infection by RDT-blood. The sensitivities of RDT-blood and RDT-saliva were 53.57% and 10.36%, respectively. It was also observed that RDT-saliva missed many positive cases, especially in patients with low parasitaemia counts confirmed by microscopy.
Diagnosis; Microscopy; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; RDT Kits; Saliva; Sensitivity; Specificity
Studies of Phyto-compounds with Antibacterial Properties from Stem Bark of Combretum lamprocarpum (Diels)
Combretum lamprocarpum (C. lamprocarpum) stem bark was investigated in an attempt to identify chemical substances of medicinal value to enable scientific validation of the plant in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The plant’s stem bark, after collection, identification, Air-drying and pulverization, was subjected to cold extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and methanol successively in that order. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and antimicrobial studies using standard procedures. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, anthraquinones, and alkaloids. The TLC of the extracts showed eight, five, three and two prominent bands in the n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively. The antimicrobial effects of the crude extracts were tested against eight microorganisms, namely: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial studies indicated that the extracts possess significant activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with zones of inhibition ranging from 22mm to 28mm and MIC ranges: 2.5-40mg/ml). The presence of the phytochemical constituents with similar and/or distinct therapeutic activities, coupled with the result of the antibacterial assay, indicated that the plant stem bark could be used in the treatment of the ailments acclaimed in ethno-medicine.
Antimicrobial; Combretum lamprocarpum; Phytochemical; Phyto-compounds; Stem bark
Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Smooth Agave (Agave desmettiana)
The genus Agave (Asparagaceae) comprises numerous species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and traditionally used for medicinal purposes. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents, proximate composition, elemental composition, and antimicrobial activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Agave desmettiana. Phytochemical screening of Agave desmettiana revealed the presence of several bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, resins, and phenolic compounds. Proximate analysis indicated a low moisture content (2.0%) and lipid content (2.3%), while ash content was 15.6%. Elemental composition analysis showed carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents of 32.46%, 4.32%, and 2.73%, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated against selected multidrug-resistant and pathogenic microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, Proteus mirabilis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanolic extract was 25 µg/mL for all tested organisms, except Helicobacter pylori, which exhibited an MIC of 12.5 µg/mL. The corresponding minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) was 50 µg/mL for all organisms, except H. pylori, which showed an MBC of 25 µg/mL the results of this study suggest that Agave desmettiana possesses significant antimicrobial potential and may serve as a promising source of natural antimicrobial agents, warranting further pharmacological and toxicological investigations.
Agave desmettiana; Antimicrobial activity; Methanolic; Phytochemical; Proximate analysis
Antimicrobial Activity Studies of Lupeol Isolated from Crinum jagus Rhizome
Rhizomes of Crinum jagus were pulverized and successively extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate, followed by concentration using a rotary evaporator, yielding 3.5 g, 5.0 g, and 7.0 g, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of steroids, terpenes, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The crude extract and the isolated compound were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Aspergillus niger, with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 to 22 mm. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the ethyl acetate extract revealed eight major spots, one of which exhibited fluorescence with an Rf value of 0.44. The isolated compound showed a single fluorescent spot with the same Rf value, indicating purity. Mass spectrometry revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 462, consistent with a triterpenoid structure, while fragmentation patterns provided further structural insights. Comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) confirmed the isolated compound as lupeol. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that lupeol binds effectively to the 7RJC protein of S. epidermidis, with binding energies of −9.0, −8.6, −7.6, and −7.1 kcal/mol, suggesting strong inhibitory potential. The docking results of lupeol, alongside other secondary metabolites identified in the rhizome, correlate with the observed antimicrobial activity, indicating that Crinum jagus is a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases.
Crinum jagus; Ethyl acetate; Lupeol; Molecular docking; Rhizome
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Klebsiella spp. in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria
The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic systems presents a growing threat to public health, food safety, and sustainable fish farming worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Klebsiella species isolated from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 300 catfish samples were randomly collected from three major markets, and both skin and intestinal specimens were analysed using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Klebsiella spp. were detected in 50% of all samples, with a significantly higher prevalence in intestinal samples (72%) compared to skin samples (28%) (p< 0.001), while no significant differences were observed across market locations. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method revealed high sensitivity to ofloxacin (99.3%), streptomycin (96.0%), and chloramphenicol (95.3%), but moderate susceptibility to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. Alarmingly, all the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and over 90% were resistant to pefloxacin, indicating that the pathogen has developed substantial resistance to these agents. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was present in 20% of isolates, with some exhibiting resistance to up to seven antibiotics. These results highlight the widespread presence of Klebsiella and multi-drug resistance in catfish, reinforcing public health concerns and the need for improved antibiotic management and surveillance in aquatic environments.
Phytochemical Profiling in Different Solvent Systems and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Cinchona pubescens Leaf Extract obtained from Ughelli, Delta State
The present research investigated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Cinchona pubescens leaf extracts obtained using methanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins—compounds widely recognized for their antioxidant and therapeutic properties. The differences observed between the two solvent extracts indicated that solvent polarity significantly influenced extraction efficiency and the diversity of bioactive constituents. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, which demonstrated strong antioxidant capacity in both extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. The methanol extract showed slightly higher scavenging activity (88.2–93.2%) compared to the n-hexane extract (82.6–86.8%), while ascorbic acid, used as the standard antioxidant, exhibited the highest inhibition (90.8–96.7%). These results suggest that both polar and non-polar phytoconstituents, including terpenoids and fatty acid derivatives, contribute to the plant’s antioxidant activity. The findings validate the traditional medicinal use of Cinchona pubescens and highlight its significance as a potential natural source of antioxidant compounds. The coexistence of diverse metabolites in both polar and non-polar extracts underscores the plant’s biochemical richness and its promise as a precursor for developing natural antioxidant agents suitable for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Overall, the study provides scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic relevance of Cinchona pubescens and emphasizes its potential contribution to the formulation of health-promoting products derived from plant-based antioxidants.
Antioxidant; Cinchona pubescens; DPPH Assay; Phytochemical; Solvent Polarity
Sex-Based Variations in Length–Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Heterotis niloticus from Kalgwai Reservoir
The present study investigated how sex influences the length–weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor (K) of Heterotis niloticus inhabiting the Kalgwai Reservoir in Northwestern Nigeria from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 120 specimens, comprising equal numbers of males and females, were randomly collected from three sampling stations using a combination of gill nets (25–50 mm mesh sizes), cast nets and longlines. Total length and body weight were recorded following established biometric procedures, and sex was identified through gonadal examination. Analysis of the log-transformed length–weight data revealed that males had b-values ranging from 0.35 to 1.21, with a mean of 1.21, whereas females exhibited a wider range of 0.03 to 1.95 and a higher mean value of 1.95. The combined dataset produced an average b of 1.42. In all cases, the regression coefficient (b) was below the theoretical cube value (b = 3), signifying negative allometric growth, where increase in length outpaces gain in weight. The Fulton’s condition factor (K) differed between sexes, with males averaging 0.70 and females 1.20, while the overall mean stood at 0.90. The relatively higher K values recorded in females indicate a better physiological state, possibly linked to energy accumulation for reproduction, whereas the low values observed in some males point to potential nutritional stress. These outcomes emphasize the importance of sex in determining the growth pattern and well-being of H. niloticus and provide essential reference data for the management and aquaculture development of the species within the Kalgwai Reservoir.
Condition factor; Heterotis niloticus; Kalgwai Reservoir; Length–weight Relationship; Sex differences
Histological Impact of Intestinal Helminth Parasites of some Vertebrates sold in Select Markets, Rivers State, Nigeria
Intestinal helminth parasites' impact on the health of their hosts in several ways, including altering the structure and function of host tissues. Histological impacts of three helminthes from three vertebrate hosts are hereby reported. Intestinal helminth community of greater cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) of Omagwa Bush Meat Market, Rivers State, Nigeria, was sampled to compare with previous reports. Intestinal tracts of T. swinderianus (n=12) samples were obtained from the slaughterhouse at Omagwa Bush Meat Market. Fish specimens (Bostrychus africanus [n=24] and Periophthalmus papilio [n=17]) were obtained from fishers at Creek Road Market, Rivers State. Sampling lasted from June to August 2023. All hosts were examined for parasites by dissection and microscopic examination; histologic impacts were assessed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining procedures. Hosts and parasites were appropriately identified using keys. Thryonomys swinderianus were infected by nematodes- Trichuris sp. (16.7%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (50%) and Strongylus sp. (25%). Raphidascaroides africanus (20.8%) and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (6%) infected Bostrychus africanus and Periophthalmus papilio, respectively. Histologic impacts observed were as follows: T. swinderianus infected with Trichuris sp. showed mild disintegration of tissues. Raphidascaroides africanus caused detachment of the connective tissue core and dispersed mucus-secreting cells in B. africanus; Neoechinorhynchus sp. resulted in loss of secretory cells associated with disruption of the intestinal epithelial lining in P. papilio. The study showed that parasites result in histological changes, including tissue disintegration and dispersal/loss of secretory cells, in vertebrate hosts, and helminths of T. swinderianus include Trichuris sp., Oesophagostomum venulosum and Strongylus sp.
Plasmodium falciparum Detection and Assessment of Utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets among Pregnant Women Attending Sir Muhammad Sanusi Specialist Hospital, Kano State
Pregnancy associated with malaria (PAM) is a major cause of morbidity among pregnant women and their offspring in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. This study assessed the utilization of the insecticide-treated nets by Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women attending Sir Muhammad Sunusi Specialist Hospital, Kano. Blood samples of 220 pregnant women were collected and analyzed by Rapid diagnostic test, microscopy, Parasite Density estimation, Hematological parameters and molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum. Questionnaires were used to obtain information about occupation, age, trimesters (gestation of pregnancy), and use of mosquito nets. The results showed that the age range of 18-30 recorded the highest prevalence of 21.9%. Highest incidence was also recorded in the 3rd trimester, followed by the 2nd and 1st trimesters with percentage prevalences of 22.4%, 19.3% and 18.2% respectively. The parasite density was not significantly different among respondents of various trimesters and severe parasitemia was observed to be higher in women in their first trimester. The hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P<0.05). Among the pregnant women. The proportion of pregnant women who used the net 201(91.4%) was significantly higher (P>0.05) than those who did not use the nets 19 (8.6%). Out of the 10 samples that had the highest parasite density, only 3 (30) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum when tested by molecular analysis. Despite the low prevalence, pregnant women should be encouraged about the need for adequate utilization of ITN to prevent maternal and infant morbidity and mortality due to malaria.
Insecticide; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; Pregnant Women; Prevalence
Impact of Thermal and High-pressure Processing on the Amino Acid profile of Trichosanthes lobata
This study investigated the impact of thermal and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the amino acid profile of Trichosanthes lobata, an underutilized plant with high nutritional potential. The objective was to evaluate how these food processing methods affect amino acid content, which directly influences the nutritional value of the plant. Samples of T. lobata were subjected to thermal treatment at 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C, and HPP at 250 MPa, 300 MPa, and 350 MPa. Amino acid concentrations were then analyzed and compared to unprocessed controls. Thermal processing resulted in a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in amino acid content across all temperatures, with decrease in key amino acids such as leucine, lysine, isoleucine, and glutamic acid. Essential amino acids were especially vulnerable, indicating loss of nutritional quality even at moderate temperatures (80°C). In contrast, HPP at 250 MPa and 300 MPa preserved amino acid levels effectively, with no significant difference from the unprocessed samples (P > 0.05). However, at 350 MPa, there was amino acid degradation, suggesting a pressure threshold beyond which nutritional integrity is compromised. In conclusion, while thermal processing significantly diminishes the amino acid content of T. lobata moderate HPP (≤300 MPa) is a promising non-thermal alternative that preserves its protein quality. Despite its potential, limited studies have been conducted on the impact of thermal and high-pressure processing on Trichosanthes lobata. Given the importance of this plant as a functional food and medicinal ingredient, assessing how these processing techniques influence its amino acid profile is essential.
Amino acid profile; High pressure processing (HPP); Nutritional quality; Thermal processing; Trichosanthes lobata
Prevalence of Tinea Capitis among Children Attending Some Islamiyya Schools in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
The Tinea capitis is a mycosis caused by pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes, which is reported more among children than adults globally. It is also called ‘ringworm’ not because it is caused by a parasitic worm but due to the appearance of circular form on the infected scalp of an individual. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, causes and socioeconomic factors related to Tinea capitis among children in some selected Islamiyah schools in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 400 children were screened for Tinea capitis via culture and microscopy. The overall prevalence of Tinea capitis among the children was 29.3%. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most prevalent (10.8%), followed by Microsprorum canis (5.0%) and Trichophyton rubrum (5.0%). Other dematophytes included Trichophyton tonsurans (2.5%), Trichophyton violaceum (1.8%), Microsprorum audoinii (1.8%), but the lowest occurring was Trichophyton schoenleinii (1.0%) and Epidermatophyton floccosum (0.5%). Antifungal susceptibility was carried out with three (3) antifungal agents, including itraconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin. All the isolates were sensitive to itraconazole, 22 isolates of T. Mentagrophytes were sensitive to terbinafine; while 21 isolates of T. mentagrophytes were resistant to terbinafine. Some of the isolates were sensitive to griseofulvin while others were resistant to griseofulvin. Four (4) isolates of T. rubrum were resistant to terbinafine; while twenty (20) isolates were sensitive to both itraconazole and griseofulvin, and sixteen (16) isolates were sensitive to terbinafine. This suggests the high propensities of spread of Tinea capitis through human to human and animal contact.
Dermatophytosis; Dermatophyte; Characterization; Isolation; Predisposing Factors; Susceptibility
Isolation, Identification and Screening of Fungal Isolates for Humic Acid Production
Sustainable biotechnological processes have encouraged the search for efficient microorganisms capable of converting agricultural and organic wastes into valuable bio-products such as humic acids. Soil samples were obtained from dump sites of an oil palm processing farm in Obokun, Osun State. The soil sample was subjected to serial dilution and plated on Potato Dextrose agar plating technique to isolate distinct fungal colonies. Fungal isolates were purified, and identified by morphological and cultural characteristics and screened for growth performance based on colony diameter and fungal biomass, while humic acid production was assessed using a submerged fermentation process. Molecular analysis confirmed two isolates identified as Aspergillus flavus (PX097504) and Fusarium sp. Comparative growth analysis revealed that A. flavus demonstrated superior performance in both colony diameter (30.50 ± 0.09 mm) and fungal biomass (2.49 ± 0.02 g) when compared to Fusarium sp. (28.64 ± 0.04 mm and 1.98 ± 0.02 g, respectively). During fermentation, Fusarium sp. initially showed slightly higher humic acid production at the early stages (0.90 mg/L on day 1 and 1.10 mg/L on day 2); however, A. flavus outperformed it in subsequent days, achieving a maximum humic acid concentration of 2.20 mg/L by day 5. The findings demonstrate the potential of indigenous fungal isolates for bioconversion of organic wastes into humic substances, offering an environmentally-friendly approach to waste management and soil enrichment.
Fermentation; Fungi; Humic acid; Oil palm; Waste management
Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Anti-malarial Drug-resistance Genes in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), despite routine antimalarial prophylaxis. This study assessed the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the distribution of antimalarial drug-resistance genes among homozygous SCD (HbSS) patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 186 HbSS individuals were enrolled. Malaria infection was diagnosed using rapid diagnostic tests and confirmed by microscopy, while parasite density was determined from thick blood smears. Molecular detection of resistance-associated genes (Pfmdr1, Pfk13, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, and Pfcrt) was performed using a multiplex PCR. Overall malaria prevalence was 38.7%, with a geometric mean parasite density of 15,832 parasites/µL. Infection was most frequent among children aged 6–10 years, and no significant association was observed with sex or age. Despite high prophylaxis coverage, Pfdhps (66.6%) was the most prevalent resistance gene, while Pfcrt (6.9%) showed the lowest frequency. These findings highlight the persistence of malaria transmission and the circulation of resistance genes among SCD patients, underscoring the need for strengthened molecular surveillance and targeted malaria control strategies among this vulnerable population.
Protein, Carbohydrate and Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) Infecting Wild Pig Potamochoerus africanus (Suisdae) with Record of Heavy Metals Contents
Ascaris suum is a widespread vertebrates’ helminthes parasite, including humans. There is little study on A. suum in wild vertebrates, it has become necessary to evaluate the nutrients profile they accumulate from hosts and its ability to uptake heavy metals from their hosts feeds. The intestinal contents of matured Potamochoerus africanus were bought from various markets from 2023 to 2025. In 2023, nine, 2024 seven whereas in 2025 twelve intestines were bought and 2(15 parasite samples), 3(36 parasite samples) and 4(29 parasite samples) of the samples were infected with large matured A. suum species respectively. This recorded a high prevalence of 22.2%, 42.85 % and 32.10 % respectively. Fifteen of these samples were pooled into five sample sets for proximate composition, amino acid, carbohydrate and free fatty acid profiles using standard methods. The results show that A. suum is characterized by high moisture and carbohydrate content, low lipid reserves, and modest protein levels. The findings provide baseline biochemical data for A. suum in wild pigs. Also, histological assessment of the worm showed classical features of A. suum while thirteen were analyzed using (AAS) mg/kg. The results show varying levels of heavy metal accumulation with Zn (1.3877 ± 0.0792) as highest level whereas Ni (0.0000 ± 0.0000), and V (0.0000 ± 0.0000) were not detected. Also, the presence of Hg (0.0110 ± 0.0008) is rather worrisome, highlighting potential environmental contamination and risks to both wild and domesticated swine health and food safety.
Ascaris suum; Heavy metals; Histological features; Nutrient profiles; Potamochoerus africanus
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Domestic Water from Pindiga Pond, Akko L.G.A., Gombe State, Nigeria.
Access to safe water is a major public health challenge in developing countries, such as Nigeria. This study evaluated the physicochemical, heavy metal, and bacteriological quality of domestic water from Pindiga Pond, Akko Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria, and compared the results with the WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality standards. Water samples from ten sampling points were collected between March and May and analysed using standard analytical methods to determine the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, microbial quality, and Water Quality Index (WQI). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis ANOVA at 95% CI. Most physicochemical parameters were within acceptable limits: pH (6.42–6.76), turbidity (0.33–1.44 NTU), and TDS (19.2–90.3 mg/L). However, dissolved oxygen (1.1-1.9 mg/L) and iron (1.37-2.56 mg/L) exceeded WHO limits. The heavy metals Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn were below the detection limit. Bacteriological analysis revealed severe faecal contamination, with total coliform counts (9.5-24 MPN/100 mL) and E. coli in 70% of the samples. Pathogenic bacteria, including S. typhi and V. cholerae, were isolated. Statistical analysis showed significant variation (p < 0.05) among sampling points. The WQI ranged from 1100.79 to 1216.34, indicating that the samples were unfit for human consumption. While the chemical composition meets most standards, bacteriological contamination renders the water unfit for domestic use without treatment. Point-of-use water treatment, sanitation improvement, and regular monitoring should be implemented in the future. Future studies should consider seasonal variations and employ molecular techniques for pathogen detection.
Effects of Wastewater Irrigation from Kalshingi Fish Farm on the Microbial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Agricultural Soils
Agriculture and aquaculture are vital components of global food security. However, using fish farm wastewater for irrigation raises concerns about its effects on soil health and microbial communities. This study assessed the effects of fish farm wastewater from the Kalshinge Fish Farm on soil bacterial diversity, physicochemical properties, and implications for agricultural productivity. Soil samples were collected from the impacted and control plots at the Kalshinge Fish Farm, and key soil parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, and nutrient concentrations, were measured. Bacterial isolates were identified, and their antibiotic sensitivities were evaluated. The results showed that the pH values ranged from 4.72 to 7.00, electrical conductivity from 2470 to 2930 µS/cm, and salinity between 5.82 and 7.65 mg/100 g in the impacted soils, which were higher than those in the control soils. The total heterotrophic bacterial count in impacted samples ranged from 0.007 to 0.075 CFU/mL, with sample E showing the highest count (0.075 CFU/mL). Bacterial species, including Escherichia coli (80% occurrence), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (60%), were prevalent in the affected soils. Antibiotic resistance was observed in isolates, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which showed resistance to Amoxicillin and Azithromycin. Wastewater can enhance soil fertility but also poses risks of soil degradation and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study highlights the need for sustainable management to minimise the impact of irrigation. Future research should examine the long-term effects on microbial diversity and explore strategies to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in agricultural systems.
Comparative Evaluation of Proximate and Microbial Composition of Smoked Dried Fishes Sold in Oil Mill and Eleme-Ncha Markets, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Evaluation of proximate and microbial composition of smoked fishes, Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Bonga fish Ethmalosa fimbriata) sold in Oil Mill and Eleme-Nchia markets, Port Harcourt were studied. Two replicates of the sample, C. gariepinus and Ethmalosa fimbriata were randomly obtained from the retailers in the selected markets and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Proximate and microbiological analysis were carried out following standard methods. Results showed that moisture content (MC) of Ethmalosa fimbriata and Clarias gariepinus in Oil Mill market ranged from 31.40-34.20% and 32.50-36.50% while that of Eleme-Nchia market ranged from 32.40-34.20% and 35.20-36.50% respectively. pH values varied from 6.10-6.50 and 6.30-6.65% for E. fimbriata and C. gariepinus respectively in Oil Mill market while that of Eleme-Nchia market varied from 6.25-6.52 and 6.40-6.50 without significant difference between the mean ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents unlike those of their fat and crude protein contents. The mean value of THB load in C. gariepinus (2466.67±57.74cfu/g) significantly differed from that of E. fimbriata (1950.00±304.14 cfu/g) in both markets. The mean value of bacteria varied in the order, THB>TCB>Salmonella. The mean fungal load on both fishes was higher in Eleme-Nchia than Oil Mil market. Fourteen bacteria and seven fungi some of which included Enterobacter spp, Klebsellas spp, Bacillus spp, Staphyloccocus spp, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosora etc were observed. The fishes in Eleme-Nchia market were nutritionally richer and microbially higher than those from the Oil Mill market. There should be proper monitoring of the handling processes and the processing techniques used.
Clarias gariepinus; Eleme-Nchia market; Ethmalosa finmbriata; Microbial properties; Oil Mill market; Proximate composition; Smoked dried fish
Molecular Characterization of Virulence and Toxigenic Genes Associated with Staphylococcus aureus on Ready-to-Eat Meat and Fish Sold in Dutsin-Ma Market, Katsina State
Foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus pose significant public health risks due to their ability to produce virulent and toxigenic factors. Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, including meat and fish, are particularly susceptible to microbial contamination during processing, handling, and storage. This study aimed to molecularly characterize the virulence and toxigenic genes associated with S. aureus in RTE meat and fish samples sold in Dutsin-ma Wednesday market, Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of 128 samples of RTE meat and fish were randomly purchased from different vendors. Standard microbiological methods were used for the isolation and identification of S. aureus. Genomic DNA was extracted from confirmed isolates, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect virulence (Sea) and toxigenic (tsst-1) genes in S. aureus. The prevalence of S. aureus in the samples was determined, with a notable percentage (29.69%) for S. aureus. The most frequently detected genes in S. aureus were tsst-1 (100%) and Sea gene (67%). No significant differences in contamination level were observed between meat and fish samples. The presence of virulent and toxigenic genes in S. aureus isolates from RTE meat and fish underscores potential food safety risks in Dutsin-Ma Market. These findings highlight the need for improved hygiene practices, proper food handling, and regulatory measures to ensure microbial safety of RTE foods in the region.
Food safety; Ready-to-eat food; Staphylococcus aureus; Toxigenic genes; Virulent genes
Detection of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes associated with S. aureus and E. coli from Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections from Selected Hospitals in Katsina Metropolis, Katsina State, Nigeria
This study, conducted in Katsina, Nigeria, investigated antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from patients with Diabetic Foot Infections (DFIs). 150 wound samples were collected, identifying 44 isolates (22 S. aureus and 22 E. coli). Results showed high resistance rates: E. coli was 100% resistant to cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, augmentin, ampicillin, and erythromycin. S. aureus showed 100% resistance to pefloxacin, 95% to ciprofloxacin, and 45% to cefoxitin. All E. coli and six S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). PCR confirmed resistance genes: blaTEM and blaCTX in E. coli, and mecA and parC in S. aureus. The study highlights MDR pathogens in DFIs, emphasizing the need for surveillance and improved antimicrobial stewardship in Katsina State. DFIs are a significant concern, and antibiotic resistance is a major challenge. Effective treatment strategies and infection control measures are crucial to prevent further resistance.
Malaria infection; Knowledge, Attitude and perception among inhabitants of Oluyole LGA, Ibadan
Malaria remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, which accounts for 27% of global malaria cases and 32% of global malaria deaths in 2022. Despite intensified control efforts, the disease continues to impact communities such as Oluyole Local Government Area (LGA), Ibadan, where environmental and socio-economic factors favor persistent transmission. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of residents toward malaria infection to identify community-level gaps that may hinder effective control. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among inhabitants of Oluyole LGA using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that 85.0% of respondents correctly identified mosquito bites as the primary mode of transmission, while 72.0% recognized fever as a major symptom. However, 18.0% still associated malaria with incorrect causes such as exposure to sunlight or consumption of certain foods. Attitudes toward treatment were largely positive: 60.0% reported they would seek medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset, whereas 15.0% would delay treatment for more than three days. Trust in conventional medicine was high, with 75.0% expressing confidence in prescribed antimalarial drugs, compared with 25.0% who still preferred herbal remedies. Regarding preventive practices, 70.0% expressed favorable attitudes toward measures such as indoor residual spraying and mosquito coil use, although regular use of insecticide-treated nets remained suboptimal. The study demonstrates relatively high awareness toward malaria prevention and treatment. Strengthening community-based sensitization, improving access to preventive tools, and addressing traditional treatment preferences will support Nigeria’s broader malaria elimination efforts. Keywords: Malaria, Insect-Treated Nets (ITNs), Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception (KAP)
Population Dynamics of Freshwater Snails in Relation to Physicochemical Parameters in Hayin Gada Stream of Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Freshwater ecosystems are sensitive to variations in physicochemical parameters that influence the abundance and distribution of aquatic organisms, including freshwater snails, which are key bioindicators and intermediate hosts of schistosomes. This study assessed the physicochemical properties of Hayin Gada Stream, Dutsin-Ma LGA, Katsina State, Nigeria, and their relationship with snail abundance and distribution. Monthly sampling was conducted from March to May 2024 at four stations representing human contact and irrigation sites. Snails were collected by hand-picking and scooping, identified to species level, and quantified, while water samples were analysed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity following APHA (2012) standards. Results showed temperature (23.67–27.33 °C), pH (6.17–6.83), DO (7.00–8.33 mg/L), and BOD (1.50–2.00 mg/L) were within WHO permissible limits. Turbidity (20–48 NTU) and TDS (216–627 mg/L) indicated moderate organic and ionic content. Statistical analysis revealed significant spatial variation in temperature (p = 0.021), while other parameters showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Three snail taxa, Melanoides, Bellamya, and Clams were identified, with Melanoides being dominant (41%), followed by Bellamya (31%) and Clams (28%). Snail abundance correlated negatively with temperature and pH, but positively with DO and BOD, suggesting physicochemical influences on population structure. The study concludes that Hayin Gada Stream sustains moderate biodiversity under favourable ecological conditions. Continuous monitoring of snail populations alongside water quality indices is recommended to detect early environmental degradation and manage schistosomiasis transmission risk.
Dutsin-Ma Stream; Freshwater snails; Melanoides; Physicochemical parameters; Water quality
Investigation of Bacteria Biostimulation Strategy for Heavy Metal Bioremediation in Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja
Heavy metal pollution in water systems disrupts ecosystems and poses serious public health risks. Bioremediation remains the most cost-effective and eco-friendly, relying on naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade or transform toxic contaminants. This study was aimed at stimulating microbial isolates from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWWTP) with nutrients to remove heavy metals from effluents obtained. Wastewater samples collected from Wupa WWTP were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, temperature, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, and concentrations of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe), using standard methods. Bacteria and fungi were isolated microbiologically, and a nine-day container experiment was conducted with four nutrient setups containing different concentrations of peptone (150 ml, 75 ml) and glucose (9 g, 4.5 g) to enhance microbial degradation capability. Biomass growth was monitored every three days using a UV spectrophotometer. The results revealed that physicochemical parameters of the treated and untreated wastewater exhibit significant differences (p<0.05), except for pH and temperature. All physicochemical parameters showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between treated and untreated wastewater, except pH and temperature. Heavy metal concentrations also differed significantly (p < 0.05), with Mn decreasing from 0.37±0.20 mg/L (untreated) to 0.31±0.10 mg/L (treated), Fe from 1.58±0.2 mg/L to 0.91±0.3 mg/L, and Zn from 0.501±0.10 mg/L to 0.501±0.10 mg/L. Eight bacterial species were isolated. The biostimulated microbial consortium effectively remediated Mn, Fe, and Zn by 66.8%, 60.5%, and 70.2%, respectively. This study demonstrates promising potential for heavy metal removal from wastewater treatment plants and industrial effluents.
Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in the Lower Benue River, Makurdi: Implications for Ecological Health
Assessment of water quality indicators in the lower Benue River, Makurdi with emphasis on ecological health was studied for a year. Water samples collected monthly using plastic bottles were analysed for physicochemical variables and heavy metals following standard methods. The data obtained were subjected to statistical tools for descriptive and inferential analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The mean values were used to ascertain the pollution status of the area. Some variables ranged as pH, 5.60-8.00, Dissolved oxygen (DO), 3.20mg/l-5.80mg/l, Electrical conductivity (EC), 210-1890µs/cm, Temperature, 25.00 - 30.500C. Total dissolved solute (TDS), 122-867. Nitrate, phosphate and sulphate ranged as, 30-70mg/l, 0.010-0.90mg/l and 20-34mg/l respectively. Heavy metals ranged as, Cd, 0.0050-0.550mg/l, Cr, 0.150-0.580mg/l, Fe, 0.005-2.880mg/l, Pb,0.010-0.950 mg/l) and Ni, 0.068-0.40 (0.219±0.10mg/l). Only EC, and TDS exhibited both spatial and seasonal variation significantly at P<0.05. Single factor pollution index (SFI) ranged from 0.055-256 (non-pollution-severe pollution). Some parameters in the stations met acceptable limits but Station 3 exhibited significant pollution, particularly in heavy metals and nitrates. Comprehensive pollution index (CPI) ranged between 143.36 (Station 2) and 280.32. Contamination factor (CF) ranged between 2.03-104.33(station 1 and station 3) but highest in wet season. Pollution load index (PLI) ranged from 4.45-9.25 (ST3 and ST2), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), 58.02-180.03 (ST1 and ST3) while heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was 11.60-360.01. It was concluded that the Lower Benue River was slightly to severely polluted. Adequate measures should be put in place to monitor the levels of anthropogenic activities in the area.
Assessment; Ecological Health; Lower Benue River; Makurdi; Pollution; Water quality Parameters
First Report of the Yellow Blotched Pearl Moth, Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Nigeria
The study aimed at reporting the first sighting of the Yellow-Blotched Pearl Moth, Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854). The species is widely distributed in the family Crambidae. It can be found in Tropical Africa, Asia and Oceania. A single adult of Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854) was observed and photographed at the Federal University Wukari Mosque, Taraba State, Nigeria, on 6 September 2025. The specimen was identified through photographic comparison using Afromoths and BOLD Systems and iNaturalist. This observation represents the first confirmed photographic record of the species in Nigeria. This record will increase the known range of Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis in West Africa, thereby contributing to the additional knowledge about the species, especially in Nigeria.
Crambidae; Distribution; Moths; Nigeria; University campus
Antibacterial Screening of Five Selected Plants Commonly Used Against Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Pathogens
This study investigates the antibacterial properties of five medicinal plants: Mangifera indica (mango leaves), Cola nitida (kolanut), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Xylopia aethiopica (Negro pepper), and Allium sativum (garlic), traditionally used for the treatment of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infections in Sokoto, Nigeria. Ethanolic, aqueous, diethyl ether, and n-hexane extracts were tested against various ENT pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The study employed agar well diffusion methods to determine zones of inhibition, as well as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. Results showed significant antibacterial activity, especially in the ethanolic extract of X. aethiopica, which demonstrated the highest activity against most pathogens. The findings support the ethnomedicinal use of these plants and suggest potential development into alternative antimicrobial agents.
Antagonistic Effects of Some Endophytic Fungi against Colletotrichum coccodes Causing Anthracnose Disease of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Anthracnose fruit rot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, is a major constraint to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide, leading to significant yield and postharvest losses. Conventional chemical control methods pose challenges such as pathogen resistance, environmental contamination, and high costs; hence, the need to explore eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigated the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungi — Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus sp., against C. coccodes disease of tomato under in vitro conditions. Endophytes were isolated from healthy tomato tissues collected from Adamawa and Gombe States, Nigeria, and identified morphologically. Dual culture assays were used to assess antagonistic interactions. Results showed that all endophytic isolates significantly inhibited the growth of C. coccodes (P < 0.05), though inhibition levels varied among species. Trichoderma sp. exhibited the highest antagonistic activity (up to 12.33 mm inhibition zone at day 7), followed by Rhizopus sp. (10.68 mm), A. niger (10.52 mm), and A. flavus (10.25 mm). Mechanisms observed included antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and competition for nutrients and space. The findings demonstrate that these endophytic fungi possess strong biocontrol potential against tomato anthracnose. Trichoderma sp., in particular, could be further developed as a biological control agent within integrated disease management programs. Future studies should focus on field validation and formulation of effective endophytic inoculants for sustainable tomato production.
Harnessing eDNA Methodologies for Enhanced Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soil: A Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a notable catholic threat to animal and human health, with agricultural soil avowed as a major source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). The significant impact of anthropoid activities on the soil resistome is well-documented; a knowledge gap persists regarding certain microbial communities that confer resistance, along with the most efficacious methods for their monitoring. This review addresses the disparaging need for advanced, culture-based techniques to monitor ARGs in agricultural landscapes. We bring forth a broad-based overview of the methodologies and bioinformatic pipelines for using environmental DNA (eDNA) and metagenomics to snoop AMR. eDNA-based approaches are underscored for their cost-effectiveness, enhanced sensitivity, and non-invasive nature for detecting a wider scope of ARGs, as well as those from non-viable cells and mobile genetic elements, which repeatedly go undetected by traditional techniques. We moot how high-throughput sequencing of eDNA, incorporated with metagenomic analysis, permits a circumstantial assessment of the soil resistome, revealing both known and novel ARGs. We traversed the potential of these methodologies to bring forth subtle insights into ARG dynamics. This review rules that adopting a standardized eDNA metagenomics approach is key for effecting comparable, reliable data, through strengthening our understanding of AMR transmission via the soil-microbe-plant linkages and informing an effective public health blueprint to combat the post-antibiotic era.
Agroclimatic and Management Interactions Shaping Genetic and Agronomic Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Sudan Savanna Field Conditions
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation is extending into the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria; however, productivity is limited by inadequate knowledge of optimal planting time, seed type, and plant density. A two-year field study (2017/18 and 2018/19) was conducted at Bayero University, Kano, and Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, to evaluate the effects of planting date, propagation method, and plant density on growth and yield attributes of potato. The experiment employed a fractional factorial design with five planting periods (late October to early December), two seed types (whole and cut tubers), and three plant densities (33,333, 43,333, and 66,666 plants haâ»Â¹). Results indicated that planting date and location significantly influenced all measured traits (p < 0.001). Late October planting resulted in the earliest emergence (14.6 days), fastest maturity (83.8 days), tallest plants (42.2 cm), and highest leaf and branch numbers, while each delay in planting progressively reduced vegetative growth and yield. High plant density (66,666 plants haâ»Â¹) produced more branches and greater tuber yield (16.2 t haâ»Â¹) than medium or low densities. The propagation method had no significant effect on any trait measured. Environmental variation also played a key role, as cooler temperatures and higher soil phosphorus at Wudil enhanced plant growth and tuber productivity compared with Kano. Overall, the best performance across morphological and yield parameters was achieved with late October planting at high plant density using cut seed tubers. These findings provide a framework for improving productivity and sustainability of potato production in Sudan Savanna.