Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA (SAJOLS) is an Open Access Journal hosted by the Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. Currently, it publishes peer-reviewed open access journals online and in print, covering a diverse range of academic disciplines within (but not limited to) Life Sciences and allied fields. By offering its publications in Open Access, SAJOLS seeks to provide for the global academic community and facilitates the advancement and application of science.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Potential Neuroprotective Role of L-Citrulline in Parkinson’s Disease: Mechanisms, Experimental Evidence and Future Perspectives
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, characterised by the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. Despite decades of pharmacological research, current therapeutic strategies remain symptomatic, failing to halt or reverse the underlying neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence has implicated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this context, naturally occurring bioactive compounds with neuroprotective properties have attracted considerable interest. L-citrulline, a non-proteinogenic amino acid abundant in watermelon and a key intermediate in the urea cycle, has garnered attention for its capacity to enhance nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, modulate antioxidant enzyme activity, attenuate neuroinflammation, and support mitochondrial homeostasis. This narrative review critically integrates existing preclinical and experimental findings on the neuroprotective properties of L-citrulline, with emphasis on its potential relevance to the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD). It examines major aspects of PD, including its epidemiological burden and multifactorial pathogenesis, the utility of the rotenone-induced animal model in translational PD research, and the contributions of oxidative stress and SNCA/PINK1-associated molecular pathways to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the review evaluates current mechanistic and functional evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of L-citrulline. It identifies significant knowledge gaps, particularly the limited availability of studies assessing L-citrulline in PD-specific experimental models with integrated gene expression analyses, and underscores the need for robust preclinical investigations and well-designed translational clinical studies to validate L-citrulline as a potential adjunctive therapy for Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson’s disease; L-citrulline; neuroprotection; oxidative stress; rotenone; dopamine; PINK1; SNCA; alpha-synuclein; mitophagy; nitric oxide
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebenezer Adisa Adediji , Oyebanjo Oyetola
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Patients Attending Two Healthcare Facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Urinary schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in Nigeria, particularly in areas with frequent human contact with contaminated water. This study determined the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among patients attending Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital and Tudun Wada Primary Health Care, Kaduna State. A total of 400 urine samples were collected from participants aged 5 years and above and examined using syringe filtration and Combi-9 reagent strips for microhaematuria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at a significance level of p˂0.05. Overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was 13.5%, while microhaematuria prevalence was 61.75%. Infection was highest among males, participants aged 11-20 years, and those attending Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital. Frequent contact with untreated water was significantly associated with the infection. The findings indicate that urinary schistosomiasis remains endemic in Kaduna State and highlight the need for improved screening, health education, safe water supply, and targeted control interventions.
Uriinary Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium, Prevalence, Haematuria, Risk Factors, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Godsgift Ibrahim Apollos, Gideon A. Amuga, R. J. Ombugadu, A. B. Yako, Daniel M. Olayinka, Comfort D. Thomas
Comparative Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Linn.) and Allium sativum (Linn.) Crude Extracts
Medicinal plants remain an important source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, particularly in resource-limited regions where access to orthodox medicine is constrained. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) calyces and Allium sativum (Garlic) bulbs from Kaduna, Nigeria, through solvent extraction, qualitative screening, and quantitative phytochemical assays. Ethanolic extraction of H. sabdariffa and methanolic extraction of A. sativum yielded 17.04% and 4.69% (w/w), respectively, followed by column chromatographic fractionation using hexane/ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate/methanol gradients, yielding seven pooled fractions from roselle (R1-R7) and five from garlic (G1-G5). Qualitative screening confirmed saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenes in both plants, with anthraquinones detected only in roselle. Quantitative analysis showed roselle contained significantly higher alkaloids (876.78 +/- 12.4 vs 629.26 +/- 10.8 mg/g, p < 0.001), flavonoids (288.63 +/- 6.2 vs 233.13 +/- 5.7 mg QE/g, p < 0.001), polyphenols (6.61 +/- 0.3 vs 4.88 +/- 0.2 mg GAE/g, p < 0.01), and tannins (13.88 +/- 0.8 vs 9.42 +/- 0.5 mg TAE/g, p < 0.01) than garlic, while saponin content did not differ significantly (52.14 +/- 3.1 vs 49.76 +/- 2.9 mg/g, p > 0.05). This is among the first studies to directly compare the phytochemical yield and fractionation profile of Nigerian-grown H. sabdariffa and A. sativum under standardised conditions, providing a quantitative baseline for future bioactivity-directed isolation of compounds from these widely consumed Nigerian plants.
Phytochemical screening, extraction, fractionation, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Allium sativum, flavonoids, alkaloids
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq Ibrahim Auwal, Joseph Appah, G. B. Onwumere , Gabriel Ajibade
Evaluation of Genetic Structure and Connectivity among Populations of Macrozoobenthic Snail (Mutela rubens) from Freshwater Ecosystems in Kano State, Nigeria
Macrozoobenthic snails are important bioindicators and fish food organisms in freshwater ecosystems, yet population genetic data for many Nigerian freshwater molluscs remain scarce. This study evaluated the genetic structure and connectivity among populations of the macrozoobenthic freshwater snail Mutela rubens from River Kano, River Bagwai and River Karaye in Kano State, Nigeria, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 96 specimens were analyzed and genetic variation was assessed using five RAPD primers, which generated 82 reproducible loci. Genetic polymorphism ranged from 56.10% to 63.41%, with the highest variation recorded in River Kano (63.41%), followed by River Bagwai (59.76%) and River Karaye (56.10%). Genetic diversity indices revealed higher heterozygosity in River Kano (0.205), while River Karaye recorded the lowest value (0.182), indicating differences in genetic variability and population connectivity. Nei’s genetic distance analysis showed moderate genetic differentiation among populations, with values ranging from 0.082 to 0.136, while genetic identity ranged from 0.873 to 0.921. Molecular analysis of variance revealed that 72% of the total genetic variation occurred within populations, whereas 28% was attributed to differences among populations. UPGMA dendrogram grouped the three populations into closely related clusters without genetic outliers. The findings demonstrate that M. rubens populations in Kano State freshwater ecosystems possess considerable genetic diversity and connectivity, although localized environmental factors may influence their genetic structuring.
Freshwater; Genetic diversity; Mollusc; Population connectivity; RAPD markers
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasheed Olatunji Moruf, Halima Abdullahi Muhammad
An Evaluation of Shelf Life of Fermented Soybean (Soy “Daddawa”) Under Different Storage Conditions
Fresh fermented soybean cake (soy ’’Daddawa’’) is highly perishable, limiting its shelf life, consumer acceptability and commercialization. This study evaluated the effects of different storage environments on the shelf life and quality of soy ‘’Daddawa’’. Two laboratory-produced samples (one inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and one uninoculated control) and a commercially purchased sample were investigated. Following fermentation, proximate composition was determined, and samples were stored in an oven (low-moisture) and humid conditions for 12 days. Temperature, relative humidity, pH, aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, sensory quality, and bacterial contaminants were monitored throughout storage. The oven maintained a constant temperature of 27 ± 0.00°C throughout the 12-day storage period, whereas the ambient storage temperature gradually increased to 28.33 ± 0.33°C by day six of storage. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in proximate composition among the fermented samples; however, the B. subtilis-inoculated sample had the highest protein content (45.28%). Relative humidity decreased from 21% to 10% under oven storage and from 48.33% to 40.67% under humid conditions, while pH increased progressively, reaching 8.17 in oven-stored samples. Aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts increased during storage without significant differences (p > 0.05) among treatments. Freshly fermented laboratory-produced samples achieved 100% consumer acceptance, with the inoculated sample receiving the highest sensory score (8.6 ± 0.6). Sensory acceptability declined markedly after 6 days and was completely lost by day 12. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. were detected in stored samples. These findings show that Moisture-free storage prevents “Daddawa” spoilage.
Daddawa; Fermentation; Shelf life; Storage conditions; Moisture content; Sensory evaluation
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Balarabe Suleiman, Aminu Bukar, M. Bashir
Sociodemographic and Risk Factors Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection among Sperm-Impaired Male Patients Attending Reproductive Clinic at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and has increasingly been implicated in male reproductive dysfunction. However, evidence on the sociodemographic and behavioural determinants of HPV infection among sperm-impaired men in Nigeria remains limited. This hospital-based cross-sectional study investigated the sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors associated with HPV infection among 156 sperm-impaired male patients attending the Reproductive Health Clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Semen samples were evaluated for sperm concentration, motility, and morphology using standard laboratory methods, while HPV DNA was detected using the GeneXpert HPV assay. Sociodemographic, behavioural, and clinical information was obtained through structured questionnaires and analysed using IBM SPSS version 23. Chi-square tests and odds ratios were used to determine associations at a significance level of p < 0.05. The overall HPV prevalence was 6.7%. Although HPV infection was more frequent among men aged 37–50 years, age was not significantly associated with infection. Single participants had significantly higher HPV prevalence than married men. Lower educational attainment and lack of circumcision were associated with poorer semen quality. History of organ transplantation and presence of genital warts showed significant associations with HPV infection, while dysuria and difficulty with urine flow were significantly related to impaired semen quality. The findings demonstrate that HPV infection among sperm-impaired men is associated with selected sociodemographic and clinical factors. Enhanced HPV awareness, male vaccination, safer sexual practices, and incorporation of HPV screening into infertility evaluation may improve reproductive health outcomes in Nigeria.
Human Papillomavirus; Public Health: Risk Factors; Sociodemographic Factors; Sperm Impairment
Copyright (c) 2026 Musa Ibrahim Tukur, Yahaya Aliyu, Sakinat Ifediora
Survey on Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in Two Local Government Areas in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Livestock production is faced with several problems, which, in the long run, result in low productivity. There is a need to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cattle in Keffi and Lafia, Nasarawa State. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum of cattle in markets and abattoirs into sterile labelled polythene bags and conveyed in ice packs to the Parasitology Laboratory for examination using the flotation technique. A total of 200 cattle from Keffi and Lafia were examined for intestinal helminths. A total of 105 (52.5%) cattle were infected. Cattle from Lafia LGA were slightly more infected (55.0%) than those from Keffi LGA (p>0.05). The rearing system was found to be a significant determinant of infection since animals reared under a closed system had less infection than those in the open system. Parasites encountered ranged from trematodes, nematodes, to protozoans with single parasitism mainly from Fasciola spp. It is recommended that pastures should be rotated even if closed ranging system is practised, avoid overgrazing, feed the cattle with good feed and clean water.
Closed grazing; Gastrointestinal parasites; Livestock; Open grazing; Overgrazing
Copyright (c) 2026 O. O. Esezobor , G. A. Amuga, A. B. Yako, R. J. Ombugadu, M. D. Olayinka, D. T. Comfort
Adherence with Hypertension Prevention Measures among Hypertensive Patients Attending Clinics in Umaru Shehu Ultra-Modern Hospital, Maiduguri
Hypertension remains a major global public health challenge, with suboptimal adherence to prevention measures contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. This study assessed adherence to hypertension prevention measures among hypertensive patients attending clinics in Umaru Shehu Ultra-Modern Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, and data were collected from 350 hypertensive patients through a structured, pretested questionnaire. Respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, employing descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, as well as Chi-square tests to examine associations between adherence levels and socio-demographic variables. Results showed that adherence to lifestyle modification measures was moderate, with higher compliance to dietary control and reduced salt intake, but lower adherence to regular physical activity and weight management. Blood pressure monitoring routines showed relatively better adherence, though home monitoring was inconsistent. Factors influencing adherence included affordability of care, quality of counselling, presence of side effects, family support, and cultural or religious beliefs. No significant association was found between adherence level and socio-demographic characteristics. The study concludes that multiple, interrelated factors hinder optimal adherence to hypertension prevention measures. It recommends strengthening patient education, enhancing counselling services, improving access to affordable care, promoting physical activity, leveraging family and community support, addressing cultural barriers, and implementing reminder systems to improve adherence.
Lifestyle Modification; Maiduguri; Medication Compliance
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmatu Balarabe, H. S. Mohammed, A. Ahmed, A. S. Abdullahi, V. S. Ogenyi, F. Mukhtar, A. Dahiru
Zooplankton Community Structure in Akassa Creek, Delta State, Nigeria
Zooplankton are key indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and productivity. This study investigated the taxonomic composition, abundance, and spatial-temporal distribution of zooplankton in Akassa creek, a brackish water system in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Monthly samples were collected between the months of October-December, 2024 from 2 stations (Akassa 1 and Akassa 2) using a 55 µm plankton net. A total of 4 taxa were recorded, dominated by Lecane closterocerca; Acartia metanauplius and Arcella vulgaris. Akassa 1 recorded a higher diversity index (H’ = 1.312), lower dominance D (0.2861), higher richness S (4) taxa and a higher evenness J’ (0.9284) reflecting a more balanced community. On the other hand, Akassa 2 had a lower diversity H’ (0.8379), higher dominance D (0.4631), lower richness S (3 taxa), lower evenness J’ (0.7705) indicating a skewed community. The differences between the composition and abundance of zooplanktons in Akassa 1 and Akassa 2 suggests that spatial monitoring of diversity indices is critical for fisheries management. The findings provide unique data for conservation and fisheries management in Akassa creek.
Comparative Proximate Composition of Six Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Accession Cultivated in Katsina State, Nigeria
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), known locally as beniseed, is a major oilseed crop in Nigeria. This study evaluated the proximate composition of six sesame accessions (IGBOHO BLACK, 02M, E8, EXSUDAN, KENAN 4, and BOGORO LOCAL) to identify nutritionally superior lines. Proximate analyses (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, fat and oil, and carbohydrate) were conducted using standard methods. One‑way ANOVA indicated significant differences among accessions for all traits (p ≤ 0.05). IGBOHO BLACK and E8 recorded the highest moisture contents (3.40 ± 0.10% and 3.38 ± 0.00%, respectively). IGBOHO BLACK had the highest ash (5.98 ± 1.10%) and crude fiber (5.77 ± 1.10%), while E8 showed the highest crude protein (7.21 ± 0.20%) and highest fat and oil content (60.50 ± 1.40%), closely followed by KENAN 4 (60.46 ± 2.13%). Carbohydrate content was greatest in IGBOHO BLACK and BOGORO LOCAL (27.63 ± 1.30% and 27.62 ± 1.18%, respectively). The accessions IGBOHO BLACK and E8 had favorable levels of moisture content, crude fibre, protein, fat and oil, carbohydrates that suggest they are promising accessions for nutritional and economic value, followed closely by KENAN 4 and BOGORO LOCAL. Further evaluation of Sesamum indicum L. under different environments and yield trials is recommended for breeding and cultivation purpose.
Composition; E8; IGBOHO BLACK; Proximate; Sesame
Copyright (c) 2026 J. D. Buah, A. A. Omotoso, D. D. Musa
Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: A Narrative Review of Neurological, Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Metabolic, and Systemic Implications
Chronic pesticide exposure represents a critical global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries characterized by inadequate regulatory oversight and poor occupational protection. While acute poisonings are well-documented, sub-acute chronic exposures are increasingly linked to long-term systemic pathologies. This study synthesizes multi-disciplinary evidence linking chronic pesticide exposure to systemic human diseases while critically appraising the methodological strengths and limitations of the current literature. A comprehensive search of major biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) identified key prospective cohorts, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and mechanistic studies published between 2000 and 2026, alongside foundational pre-year 2000 literature. Convergent epidemiological and experimental data robustly associate chronic exposure with neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases), specific malignancies (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, breast cancer), reproductive disorders, and metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes. These pathologies are driven by shared molecular pathways: oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, endocrine disruption, neuroinflammation, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations. Notably, prenatal and pediatric cohorts exhibit heightened susceptibility due to developmental vulnerability and immature metabolic detoxification. Although exposure misclassification, chemical mixture complexities, and residual confounding problems tend to limit definitive causal attribution for individual compounds. This aggregate evidence warrants decisive public health intervention. Mitigating this burden requires expanded prospective biomonitoring, global regulatory harmonization, and the accelerated adoption of integrated pest management frameworks.
Carcinogenesis; Disruption; Endocrine; Neurotoxicity; Occupational health; Oxidative stress; Reproductive toxicity
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Musa, U. E. Ubi, E. S. Danjuma
Review on Current Strategies of Malaria Control in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in Kaduna State, where climatic conditions, poverty, poor sanitation, and weak health systems sustain transmission. This seminar reviewed current malaria control strategies in the state, focusing on epidemiology, interventions, challenges, and emerging innovations. Plasmodium falciparum is identified as the dominant parasite responsible for severe cases and deaths, while Anopheles gambiae serves as the primary vector. Key interventions include insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), larval source management (LSM), seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), rapid diagnostic testing (RDTs), Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs), and community health education. Although these measures have reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, their effectiveness is constrained by several challenges, including insecticide and drug resistance, poor net utilization, weak surveillance systems, irregular commodity supply, poverty, environmental degradation, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Evidence from different LGAs in Kaduna State also shows that irrigation farming, insecurity, internally displaced populations, and poor sanitation contribute significantly to sustained transmission. At the same time, behavioural non-compliance further undermines intervention outcomes. The review highlights emerging control approaches such as malaria vaccines (R21/Matrix-M), gene-drive mosquito technologies, digital surveillance systems, and artificial intelligence-based predictive tools as promising future directions. It concludes that achieving sustainable malaria elimination in Kaduna State requires a comprehensive, multisectoral approach that integrates strengthened health systems, improved surveillance, environmental management, consistent political commitment, community engagement, and the effective adoption of both existing and innovative control strategies.
Insecticide-treated nets; Malaria; Malaria control; Malaria vaccine; Plasmodium falciparum; Vector control
Copyright (c) 2026 B. Bako, F. M. Musa, A. U. Mukhtar
Molecular Detection of magA Gene and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Patients Attending Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae pose significant public health challenges due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. This study aimed to molecularly confirm K. pneumoniae isolates, determine the occurrence of the magA virulence gene, and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 urine specimens from patients with suspected UTIs. K. pneumoniae was confirmed by PCR targeting the yhaI gene, and the magA virulence gene was detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Molecular confirmation identified 11 (5.5%) K. pneumoniae isolates. Only one isolate. (9.0 %) was positive for the magA virulence gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed complete susceptibility (100%) to amikacin, high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (81.8%) and meropenem (81.8%), but significant resistance to cefotaxime (90.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (81.8%), and ampicillin (63.6%). Resistance was observed in 90.9% of isolates, with MAR indices ranging from 0.25 to 0.63. This study confirms the presence of Uropathogenic K. pneumoniae carrying the magA virulence gene with significant resistance patterns. The coexistence of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for routine molecular diagnostics, continuous surveillance, and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs to guide appropriate therapy and prevent the spread of resistant strains.
Antimicrobial resistance; Klebsiella pneumoniae; magA gene; Nigeria; Urinary tract infections; yhai gene
Copyright (c) 2026 Yahaya Aliyu, Sakinat Ifediora, Musa Ibrahim Tukur
Molecular Identification and Distribution of Fungal Species Associated with Stored Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), a member of the Poaceae family, is the sixth most important cereal crop globally and a major staple in northern Nigeria due to its high nutritional values and gluten-free properties. However, fungal contamination during storage poses serious economic and public health concerns, particularly due to the production of mycotoxins. This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of fungal species associated with stored pearl millet seeds collected from five major markets in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Pearl millet seeds (480g) were collected in each market, surface-sterilized, moistened with sterile distilled water, and stored for seven days to induce spoilage. Seeds were plated on Potato Dextrose agar amended with streptomycin and incubated for three days at 25±2°C. The emerging fungi were sub-cultured to obtain pure isolates and identified using morphological characteristics and molecular analysis targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Sequence analysis through BLAST confirmed five fungal species: Aspergillus tamarii, Fusarium arcuatisporum, Penicillium griseofulvum, Curvularia lunata, and Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. A. tamarii had the highest frequency of occurrence (29.73%), while F. arcuatisporum had the lowest frequency (13.51%). Idi-Abebe market recorded the highest fungal distribution (40.54%), likely due to poor storage infrastructure. The predominance of mycotoxigenic species underscores the need for improved post-harvest handling, routine mycological surveillance, mycotoxin risk assessment, and storage hygiene to enhance the safety and shelf life of stored pearl millet within local value chains.
Molecular analysis; Morphological characteristics; Mycotoxins; Pearl millet; Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
Copyright (c) 2026 S. O. Sulaimon, T. Garuba, A. A. Lateef, G. S. Olahan
Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and SCCmec Typing from Poultry and Poultry Farm Workers in Kano, Nigeria
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important zoonotic pathogen increasingly associated with livestock, particularly poultry, posing a significant public health threat. This necessitates molecular epidemiological surveillance using robust typing tools such as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec typing. A cross-sectional study was conducted to characterize MRSA isolates recovered from poultry and poultry farm workers in Kano, Nigeria. S. aureus was identified using microbiological methods and by PCR targeting the nuc and mecA genes. Molecular characterization was performed using MLST based on amplification and sequencing of selected housekeeping genes, while SCCmec typing was conducted using multiplex PCR assays. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred to assess genetic diversity and clonal relatedness. A total of 13 MRSA isolates were confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene. The MLST analysis revealed multiple sequence types, indicating genetic heterogeneity among isolates, consistent with previous reports of diverse MRSA lineages in poultry environments. Three of the seven housekeeping genes were amplified. SCCmec typing identified types II and IV, with type IV being more prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of isolates from both poultry and farm workers, indicating potential cross-species transmission. This study highlights the circulation of genetically diverse MRSA strains among poultry and poultry farm workers in Kano, with evidence of shared clonal lineages. The predominance of SCCmec type IV underscores the role of community and livestock-associated MRSA in this setting. Continuous surveillance using MLST and SCCmec typing is essential to understand transmission dynamics and to inform effective control strategies at the human–animal interface.
Molecular characterization; MRSA; MLST; Poultry; SCCmec
Copyright (c) 2026 Hauwa Kawu Bala, R. K. Bala, A. Mohammed
Haematobiochemical Response of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Different Processed Forms of Piliostigma reticulatum Pods
The experiment was carried out to examine the haematological and serum biochemical response of Red Sokoto bucks fed with different processed forms of Piliostigma reticulatum pods. A completely randomised design (CRD) was used with three treatments designated as: T1 (control), T2 and T3 replicated four times for twelve weeks. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS (2002) version 9.13. The result indicated that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in packed cell volume (PCV) (27.40 – 29.90 %), haemoglobin (Hb) (9.35 - 11.10 g/dL), white blood cells WBC (104.00 - 120.70×109), Lymphocyte (91.55 – 93.40%), Monocyte (0.00 – 0.10%), Basophil (0.25 - 0.50%), Eosine (0.45 – 0.65%), Platelet (119.00 – 129.00). However, other haematological indices were significantly (p<0.05) different across the treatments. red blood cells (RBC) (10.00 – 14.50× 10^12/L), Mean corpuscular volume (35.11 – 38.32fl), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (8.90 – 10.60pg) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (31.27 – 38.95pg). Also, most of the serum biochemical indices; Na+, K+, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, bicarbonate (HCO3), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) were significantly (p<0.05) different, while chloride ion (Cl-), total and conjugated bilirubin were similar (p>0.05) across the treatments. Altogether, they were within the normal range for healthy red Sokoto bucks. Thus, implied that inclusion of Piliostigma reticulatum pod meal in the diets of red Sokoto bucks has no deleterious effect on their haematological indices; therefore, heath status may not be impaired.
Biochemical indices; Haematological; Piliostigma reticulatum pods; Red Sokoto bucks; Serum
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Yusuf, B. Ahmed, J. Yerima
Mosquito Repellency and Toxicity Effects of Hyptis suaveolens (Leaves) Against Culex Mosquito
Human pathogens that are transmitted by insects are a global problem, particularly those vectored by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are the most important group of insect vectors able to transmit several diseases, including malaria, dengue and filariasis, especially in the local environment, hence the need to find safe, locally available and environmentally benign control measures. Hyptis suaveolens is an exotic plant that has high adaptability and tolerance of changes in abiotic factors, with a particularly high presence in the northern regions of Nigeria. This study aimed at analysing the repellency and toxicity effects of Hyptis suaveolens on Culex mosquitoes. Leaves of Hyptis suaveolens were obtained from Katsina-Mani Road. Using the prepared plant extract, phytochemical screening, repellency and toxicity tests were carried out. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugar, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Total number of mosquitoes landed on the control arm was 15 (60%), followed by arm treated with 20% repellent cream, which was 3 (12%), while none (0%) landed on 40%, 60% and 100% arm treated with repellent cream. The toxicity of Hyptis suaveolens leaves against Culex mosquitoes was recorded at different concentrations, where the effect of Hyptis suaveolens leaf smoke was higher at higher concentrations and lower at lower concentrations. Further, 100% toxicity was obtained at 80 and 100% concentrations. This study revealed that an extract obtained from dried leaves of Hyptis suaveolens had the ability to repel adult Culex mosquitoes even at low concentration (40%).
Culex mosquito; Hyptis suaveolens; Katsina State; Repellency; Toxicity
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. Lawal, Z. A. Yaradua
Effects of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Abrus precatorius Linn on Body weight, Sperm Morphology and Viability in Wistar Rats
Male factor infertility is a critical component in animal reproduction that is often caused by low sperm count or poor sperm motility. Because treatments are expensive and invasive, there is growing interest in phytotherapy. While many plant products are claimed to boost fertility, most of these claims have not yet been scientifically proven or reported. The effect of methanolic extract of Abrus precatorius linn leaf on body weight, sperm morphology and viability in male Wistar rats was evaluated in this study. Fifty-two (52) male Wistar rats were divided equally into 4 groups (10 rats per group), and weighed on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Group A were administered distilled water (Control group) while Group B, C and D received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract respectively. Rats were randomly selected and sacrificed on days 14 and 28 for histological analyses of their testes and epididymis tissue. Results revealed that all extract-treated groups (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) experienced a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight from day 7 through day 28 lower than the control group, but showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in normal sperm morphology (healthier structure) on both days 14 and 28. Similarly, sperm viability showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in live, viable sperm cells on both days 14 and 28. While the methanolic extract of Abrus precatorius leaves causes weight loss, it appears to improve overall sperm quality by preserving both morphology and viability in male rats.
Abrus precatorius, Wistar Rats, Sperm Morphology, Sperm Viability, Body weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kefas David Malgwi, Ladi Sanya, Nubwa Daniel, Dauda Yahi, Emmanuel Oluwasegun Adawaren; Nicholas Adetayo Ojo
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Horses Reared in Katsina Metropolis
Equines are animals of strength and might but the effects of Gastro intestinal parasites can greatly limit their activities. Apparently, horses can harbour over half a million gastrointestinal parasites which may include protozoans, trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. This study aimed to identify gastrointestinal parasites affecting horses reared within Katsina metropolis using coprological methods. Between the months of May and August, 2024, fresh faecal samples were collected from 135 horses within Katsina metropolis (Northern Nigeria), and analysed using the floatation techniques to detect faecal parasitic forms (eggs, oocysts) and larvae. Strongylus vulgaris was the most prevalent helminth (61.3%), followed by Oxyris equi (33.2%), then Anoplocephala spp (10.3%). Among the protozoans, Eimeria spp. (64.3 %) was more frequent, followed by Fasciola spp. (29.9 %). This study demonstrates that horses in Katsina are commonly affected by mixed infections, with Strongylus vulgaris being the most prevalent species. From the results obtained, a significant difference (P value = < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of all the gastrointestinal parasites examined between the body conditions. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of P. equorum with the sex of horses (P value = <0.05). From the findings of the present study, proper screening and monitoring of the horses should be carried out regularly, and regular and strategic deworming programmes should be carried out, as some of these parasites can be transmitted to other domestic animals, which could bring about great economic loss to society.
Gastrointestinal parasites; Horses; Katsina metropolis; Parasittic protozoans; Prevalence
Copyright (c) 2025 Z. A. Yaradua, M. Ahmad
Antibacterial Efficacy of Bioethanol Extracted from Sugarcane Juice and Corn Cob Against Escherichia coli
This study is aimed at comparing the bioethanol produced from Saccharum officinarum L. and Zea mays L. in terms of their yield, disinfectant potential and antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli. The feedstocks were sourced from the Katsina Central market, Nigeria, during the 2025 harvest season. Corncobs were pretreated by dilute acid steam explosion using 1.5% H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 60 min, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase and hemicellulase at 50°C for 72 hours. Sugarcane juice was liquefied and saccharified using α-amylase and glucoamylase. Both hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30°C for 72 hours and distilled by fractional distillation. Sugarcane juice outperformed corn cobs in process efficiency, yielding 72.8 g/L reducing sugar, 92.5% hydrolysis efficiency, 21.7% v/v ethanol, 0.401 L/kg yield, and 85.2% fermentation efficiency. Corn cobs produced 42.5 g/L reducing sugar, 68.0% hydrolysis efficiency, 16.2% v/v ethanol, 0.285 L/kg yield, and 78.5% fermentation efficiency. Quality tests showed that ethanol from corn cob had higher purity at 96.2% v/v with a clean blue flame, while sugarcane ethanol was 93.4% v/v with slight yellow flame tips indicating trace impurities. The feed stocks had acceptable acidity levels of 28–35 mg/L. Antibacterial assays at 70% v/v revealed ethanol from sugarcane completely inhibited Escherichia coli, whereas corn cob ethanol left a residual 19 CFU/mL despite higher purity. Sugarcane juice had higher fermentation efficiency and bioactivity as a first-generation feedstock, while corncobs offer a sustainable second-generation option with superior purity. Optimizing pretreatment, hydrolysis, and dehydration is essential to improve yield and consistency.
Antimicrobial activity; Bioethanol; Corn cob; Escherichia coli; Fermentation efficiency; Sugarcane juice
Copyright (c) 2026 G. O. Lawal, J. D. Buah, A. A. Omotoso
Mapping Groundwater Contamination Plumes Around an Urban Solid Waste Dumpsite Using Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Case Study of Tukur-Tukur, Zaria, Nigeria
Uncontrolled open dumpsites in peri-urban environments generate leachate that poses a persistent threat to shallow groundwater in Basement Complex terrain. This study delineates subsurface leachate plume distribution and the extent of groundwater contamination at the Tukur-Tukur dumpsite, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, using two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT). Eight 200-metre survey profiles were acquired using the ABEM LUND Imaging System with Schlumberger electrode configuration. Apparent resistivity data were inverted using RES2DINV software and correlated with borehole lithological data. The resistivity models resolved a four-layer subsurface consistent with borehole lithology: reddish lateritic clay (0–3 m), brownish sandy granite (3–6 m), weathered/fractured basement (6–36 m), and fresh crystalline basement (>36 m). Low-resistivity anomalies (<100 Ωm) in the uppermost 0–7 m across all profiles indicate pervasive topsoil contamination. Critically, anomalies of 10–80 Ωm at 28–38 m depth in the eastern sector suggest deep aquifer impairment. Root mean square errors ranged from 4.3% to 25.9%. The result indicates that plumes have migrated beyond dumpsite boundaries in all directions and have reached the principal aquifer horizon. This finding highlights the need for dumpsite engineering upgrades, water quality monitoring, and community health protective measures.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography; Groundwater contamination; Leachate plume; Nigeria; Schlumberger array; Solid waste; Zaria
Copyright (c) 2025 C. G. Afuwai, A. A. Hamza, Abubakar Ya'u Galambi
Prevalence, Species Composition, and Risk Factors of Ectoparasite Infestations in Small Ruminants in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
This present study investigated the prevalence, species composition, and risk factors associated with ectoparasite infestations in small ruminants in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 200 sheep and goats was conducted over 12 months (October 2024–September 2025) using multistage sampling across household and market systems. Standard clinical examination and parasitological techniques were employed for ectoparasite collection and identification. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite infestation was 62.0% (124/200; 95% CI: 55.1–68.4). Goats (68.0%) exhibited a higher infestation rate than sheep (56.0%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Animals sourced from markets showed significantly higher infestation compared to those from households (p < 0.05), highlighting the role of livestock aggregation in parasite transmission. Ticks were the predominant ectoparasites, with Rhipicephalus spp. (40.3%) being the most prevalent, followed by Amblyomma variegatum (19.4%) and Hyalomma spp. (11.3%). Lice (Linognathus spp. and Damalinia spp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides spp.), and mites, particularly Sarcoptes scabiei, were also identified at moderate levels, while mixed infestations occurred in 9.7% of animals. Infestation burden was strongly associated with poor body condition and intensive (confined) management systems, whereas sex had no significant influence. Adults showed higher tick burdens, while some lice and mites were more frequent in younger animals. The findings demonstrate a high burden and diverse composition of ectoparasites driven by management practices, host condition, and animal movement. Targeted control strategies integrating improved husbandry, biosecurity, and routine parasite management are essential to reduce production losses and zoonotic risks in the region.
Ectoparasites, Small ruminants, Prevalence, Risk factors, Maiduguri
Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Mohammed Bello, Jalaluddin Rabana lawal, Jamila Dauda, Hauwa Ibrahim Abdulrahman, Fatima Abba Habib, Abdullahi Abubakar Biu
Quality Evaluation of Mixed Fruits Jams Produced from Blends of Banana, Pawpaw and Date Fruit Syrup
The study was carried out to evaluate the quality of functional jams produced from banana, pawpaw and date syrup blends. Banana fruit, pawpaw fruit and date syrup were proportioned into 7 samples namely: SAM1 (100:0:0), SAM2 (30:10:60), SAM3 (35:15:50), SAM4 (40:20:40), SAM5 (45:25:30), SAM6 (50:30:20) and SAM7 (60:40:0) and used to produce jams. The jams were analysed for proximate composition, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids and antioxidant properties using standard analytical methods. Sensory properties of the jams were evaluated using the 9-point hedonic scale. The results of proximate composition ranged from 28.18-42.56% (moisture), 0.47-1.72% (protein), 1.65-2.63% (fibre), 0.18-0.56% (fat) and 1.15-1.95% (carbohydrate). The energy value ranged between 219.50 kcal and 271.78 kcal. The pH, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids ranged from 5.08-6.47, 0.42-0.81% and 56.17-71.83%, respectively. The antioxidant properties showed significant (p<0.05) differences. Sensory results revealed that the sample SAM6 containing 50% banana, 30% pawpaw and 20% date syrup had the highest score for appearance (7.10), taste (7.15), aroma (6.15), mouthfeel (7.20), texture (7.10) and general acceptability (7.35). This study proved that jams with good nutrients, high antioxidant potential and high consumer acceptability can be produced from blends of banana, pawpaw and date syrup.
Antioxidant properties, jam, proximate composition, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids
Copyright (c) 2026 Dorothy Chonomso Arukwe, Austin Ihemeje, Miriam Ifeoma Nnorom
Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Acceptability of Farmed African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Smoked with Neem Wood and Charcoal
Beyond nutritional and chemical considerations, the sensory properties of smoked fish are equally central to its market acceptability and consumer preference. This study evaluated the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of African catfish smoked using neem wood and charcoal as alternative smoking fuels. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Fish Farm Complex, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments: fresh fish (control), neem wood-smoked fish, and charcoal-smoked fish. A total of 45 pieces (15kg) of healthy catfish were processed and smoked for 6 hours. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of twenty semi-trained assessors who rated appearance, flavor, texture, and taste using a 4-point hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that charcoal-smoked fish received higher ratings for appearance (55.00% excellent) and texture (50.00% excellent), while neem wood-smoked fish achieved superior ratings for flavour (55.00% excellent) and taste (40.00% excellent). Both smoking treatments produced products that were generally rated as very good to excellent, indicating high consumer acceptability. The findings suggest that both neem wood and charcoal are suitable smoking fuels for catfish processing. However, neem wood offers additional advantages of enhanced flavour, improved nutritional quality, and greater environmental sustainability due to its availability and renewability in northern Nigeria. The study concludes that neem wood is a viable and sustainable alternative to charcoal for fish smoking without compromising consumer acceptance or product quality.
Charcoal; Farmed fish; Neem Wood; Sensory; Smoking
Comparative Effects of Neem Wood and Charcoal Smoking on the nutrient Composition of farmed African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Smoking has been practiced for centuries as a preservation technique, combining dehydration with the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of smoke compounds. This study evaluated the effects of neem wood (Azadirachta indica) and charcoal as smoking fuels on the proximate composition of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprising three treatments, fresh fish (control), neem wood-smoked fish, and charcoal-smoked fish, was employed with three replicates each. A total of 45 pieces (15kg) of healthy catfish (300–400 g) were processed and smoked for 6 hours using traditional smoking kilns. Proximate composition analyses, including moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), were conducted using standard procedures. Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments. Fresh fish had the highest moisture (20.40%), ash (4.80%), lipid (7.51%), and NFE (35.59%) contents, while smoked samples exhibited markedly higher crude protein levels. Neem-smoked fish recorded significantly higher crude protein (53.01%) and ash (4.33%) contents than charcoal-smoked fish (51.33% and 3.70%, respectively). Charcoal-smoked fish showed the lowest moisture content (7.62%), indicating greater dehydration efficiency. Lipid contents did not differ significantly between the smoking treatments. The findings demonstrate that smoking substantially improves the protein concentration of catfish through moisture reduction, with neem wood producing nutritionally superior smoked fish compared to charcoal. Therefore, neem wood is recommended as a sustainable and effective smoking fuel for enhancing the nutritional quality of smoked Clarias gariepinus.
Charcoal; Clarias gariepinus; Fish Smoking; Neem Wood; Proximate Composition
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Idris Uba , A. Moses
Prevalence of Cryptococcosis among HIV Patients Attending Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Kano
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection widely associated with people living with HIV. Some even consider it one of the indicators of possible HIV infection during the peak of the HIV epidemic. The study aimed to investigate the incidence of cryptococcosis among HIV patients attending the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Kano. In the study, KOH preparation, Gram staining technique, Culture method, Indian Ink staining techniques and urease test were employed for the isolation and identification of Cryptococcus species. In the results, apart from Cryptococcus species, Candida species and molds like Aspergillus and Penicilium species were also isolated. The female patients, as well as those within the age group of 30-39 years old, were more at risk of the infection. In conclusion, Cryptococcus species remain one of the opportunistic pathogens among HIV patients, with a higher risk among females.
Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus species; HIV patients; Immunocompromised individuals; Opportunistic disease
Effects of Colchicine-Induced Polyploidy on the Nutritional Composition of Selected Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Varieties
Okra is a nutritionally important vegetable. There is limited information on the effect of colchicine on the nutritional composition of okra varieties. This study aimed to determine the varying concentration of colchicine on the nutritional composition of selected okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties' capsules. Materials and Methods: Okra seeds were treated with five different concentrations of colchicine (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0mM) for five hours. Seeds were washed and air dried for 24 hours, and then sown in a Completely Randomised Design with three replications in polythene bags and then raised to the maturity stage. Fresh okra capsules of each variety were harvested from varying concentrations of colchicine, and they were processed into fine powder. Mineral elements and proximate composition were determined using standard procedures. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied to separate the means. Results: Colchicine (0.1mM) treatment significantly (p≤0.05) increased mineral elements of capsules (P:20527.67mg/kg, Ca: 4632.81mg/kg, Mg: 2996.72mg/kg, Na: 5733.33 mg/kg and Fe: 847.27 mg/kg) and proximate composition except carbohydrate. Clemson Spinless recorded the highest Mg (12,680.39 mg/kg), Na (10,881.33 mg/kg), Zn (27.43 mg/kg), crude protein (24.51%) and carbohydrate (44.83%). Yar’Balla had the highest P content (3,376.56 mg/kg), Ash content (7.55%) and Crude fibre (19.38%). While Yar’Sumaila recorded the highest Ca (4,260.90 mg/kg), K (32,307.33 mg/kg), Fe (964.80 mg/kg), moisture (3.72%), and crude lipid content (8.20%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that colchicine-induced variation can improve mineral (P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Fe) and all proximate parameters except carbohydrate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jibril Alhaji Mohammed, Mohammed Awwal Galadima, Dalhatu Muktar Shehu, Salisu Nura, Fatima Uzairu Adamu, Ibrahim Ukandu Muhammad , Otse Alexander Ogabidu, Zubair Babakudu Ibrahim , Abdullahi Mijinyawa, Sham’un Eshi Ibrahim, Muhammad Nura Zubairu
Antibacterial Activity of Chrysophyllum albidum Plant Extracts Against Some Bacteria Isolated from Diarrhoeic Patients
This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) plant extracts of leaf, stem bark and root against some bacterial isolates from diarrhoeal patients. Both clinical and reference isolates were obtained and used to carry out this research work with the reference isolates serving as positive control. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The ethanolic root extract was fractionated and the fractions were also tested for antibacterial activities and the most active was screened for phytocompounds. Tannins, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, phytosteroids, steroids and quinones were present while alkaloids, glycosides and phlobatannins were absent in the different plant parts. The ethanolic extract was more effective against both reference and clinical isolates of S. aureus with mean zones of inhibition ranging from 16.0±1.0mm to 26.5±4.5mm, followed by E. coli with zones between 17.0±3.0mm to 24.0±1.0mm. However, S. typhimurium was less susceptible to the extract with mean zones of inhibition ranging from 16.0±1.0mm to 16.0±2.0mm. The ethanolic root extract exhibited the highest activities against both clinical and reference isolates with MICs ranging from 12.5-50mg/ml and MBCs ranging from 50-100mg/ml with MBC/MIC ratio of less than or equal to 4 for four isolates across all six isolates.
Abattoir; Escherichia coli; Pathogen; Public Health: Wastewater
Copyright (c) 2026 Martins Chukwudi Anyasi, Fatima Mohammed Musa, Anthony Joseph Dadah, Taibat Ibrahim
Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts Against Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial agents from natural sources. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of crude leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Fresh A. indica (neem) leaves were collected, authenticated, air-dried, and pulverized before extraction using ethanol and distilled water. Standard qualitative phytochemical screening methods were used to identify the presence of Phytochemical constituents. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution techniques. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenolics compounds in both extracts, with higher concentrations observed in the ethanolic extract. Both extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms, with the ethanolic extract showing larger zones of inhibition ranging from 12.5 ± 0.4 to 25.1 ± 0.5 and lower MIC and MBC values compared to the aqueous extract. The findings confirm the antibacterial potential of Azadirachta indica leaves and support their traditional use in the management of bacterial infections. The study highlights the potential of A. indica leaf extracts as alternative antimicrobial agents against Klebsiella pneumonniae and Staphylococcus aureus.
Antibacterial Activity; Azadirachta indica; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Medicinal plants; Phytochemicals; Staphylococcus aureus
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziya Rabo Muhammed, Anthony Joseph Dadah, Fatima Mohammed Musa, Taibat Ibrahim
Synergistic Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplae) Extracts against the Developmental Stages of Anopheles Mosquitoes
The increasing resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to conventional insecticides has intensified the search for environmentally friendly biological control agents. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have shown considerable potential for mosquito management. This study evaluated the efficacy of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and their combination against the egg, larval, and pupal stages of Anopheles mosquitoes at concentrations of 50 and 100g/mL. Bioassays were conducted using 50 and 100g/mL suspensions of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and their combined formulation. The percentage of egg hatchability and mortality of larval and pupal stages were determined and compared across treatments. At 50g/mL, B. bassiana recorded higher ovicidal activity (60% unhatched eggs) than M. anisopliae (45%), while the combined treatment resulted in 50% unhatched eggs. At 100g/mL, the combined treatment achieved the greatest ovicidal effect, with 80% unhatched eggs, compared with B. bassiana (60%) and M. anisopliae (35%). M. anisopliae induced greater larval mortality than B. bassiana when applied individually, whereas the combined treatment was less effective. Both fungi produced high pupal mortality, particularly at 100g/mL, although their combination was less effective. The combined application exhibited the strongest synergistic effect, particularly against the egg stage. In conclusion, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are effective biocontrol agents against immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes, with their combination showing enhanced ovicidal activity at higher concentrations. The combined formulation at 100g/mL is recommended for integrated mosquito management, while further field studies are needed to validate its efficacy under natural environmental conditions.
Anopheles; Beauveria bassiana; Entomopathogenic; Fungi; Larvae; Metarhizium anisopliae; Mosquito
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuhu Gambo, Aliyu M. Umar, T. E. Atalabi, H. Aliyu, A. Bishir