Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA (SAJOLS) is an Open Access Journal hosted by the Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. Currently, it publishes peer-reviewed open access journals online and in print, covering a diverse range of academic disciplines within (but not limited to) Life Sciences and allied fields. By offering its publications in Open Access, SAJOLS seeks to provide for the global academic community and facilitates the advancement and application of science.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Detection of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes associated with S. aureus and E. coli from Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections from Selected Hospitals in Katsina Metropolis, Katsina State, Nigeria
This study, conducted in Katsina, Nigeria, investigated antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from patients with Diabetic Foot Infections (DFIs). 150 wound samples were collected, identifying 44 isolates (22 S. aureus and 22 E. coli). Results showed high resistance rates: E. coli was 100% resistant to cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, augmentin, ampicillin, and erythromycin. S. aureus showed 100% resistance to pefloxacin, 95% to ciprofloxacin, and 45% to cefoxitin. All E. coli and six S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). PCR confirmed resistance genes: blaTEM and blaCTX in E. coli, and mecA and parC in S. aureus. The study highlights MDR pathogens in DFIs, emphasizing the need for surveillance and improved antimicrobial stewardship in Katsina State. DFIs are a significant concern, and antibiotic resistance is a major challenge. Effective treatment strategies and infection control measures are crucial to prevent further resistance.
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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Isolates Associated with Diabetic Foot Infection among Patients Attending General Hospital, Wushishi, Niger State
Diabetic foot wounds are frequently polymicrobial and increasingly drug-resistant. Chronic diabetic wounds are colonized by biofilm producing microorganism, which could lead to soft tissue infection, bone infection, and subsequently lower limb amputation. This study aims to characterize and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from diabetic foot wounds of patients attending General Hospital, Wushishi, Niger State. Fifteen adult diabetic patients with foot wounds were selected. Wound swab samples were cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar (aerobic with 5–10% CO). Isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests. This was followed by susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. Seventeen bacterial isolates were identified, including Staphylococcus aureus (6; 35.3%), Escherichia coli (5; 29.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4; 23.5%), and Klebsiella spp. (2; 11.8%). High resistance was observed for amoxicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanate, while high susceptibility was observed for fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides for Gram-negatives. The study revealed that diabetic foot wounds at the facility studied were commonly infected with S. aureus and Enterobacter ales, with resistance observed to β-lactams antibiotics. There is a need for controlled empirical treatment therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in diabetic wound patients.
Assessment of Biodegradation Potentials of Some Fungal Species on Cellulosic Medical Waste Materials Generated in Healthcare Facilities within Kaduna Metropolis
Medical wastes encompass materials produced during patient diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and biomedical research within hospitals. The disposal of these biomedical wastes can pose significant risks, which can lead to heightened environmental pollution, as well as significant public health hazards. This research aimed to assess the biodegradation potential of some fungal species on cellulosic medical waste materials generated from healthcare clinics in Kaduna state. Cellulose medical waste samples were collected from Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Alba Clinic, Constitution Road, and Primary Health Care Center, Kabala Costain. A mixture of cow dung, medical wastes and selected individual fungal species was incubated for 14 days at room temperature and the absorbance of each sample was read. An analytical balance was used to assess mass loss after every ten days for days 60, and the extent of biodegradation. Changes in the polymer bond of cellulosic medical waste were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Fusarium sp. showed the highest biodegradation potential of 45.93 %, followed by Trichoderma sp. (31.70%); While Aspergillus sp. had the least biodegradation potential (27.36%). Trichoderma (3280, 1633, 1239, 1033 cm⁻¹), Fusarium (3390, 1630, 1239, 1100–1050 cm⁻¹), and Aspergillus (3283, 2922, 1640, 1104, 1054 cm⁻¹) all show O–H, C–H, amide, and C–O–C peaks indicating carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Therefore, the study confirmed that the isolates play a significant role in the degradation of cellulose medical wastes.
Agroclimatic and Management Interactions Shaping Genetic and Agronomic Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Sudan Savanna Field Conditions
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation is extending into the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria; however, productivity is limited by inadequate knowledge of optimal planting time, seed type, and plant density. A two-year field study (2017/18 and 2018/19) was conducted at Bayero University, Kano, and Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, to evaluate the effects of planting date, propagation method, and plant density on growth and yield attributes of potato. The experiment employed a fractional factorial design with five planting periods (late October to early December), two seed types (whole and cut tubers), and three plant densities (33,333, 43,333, and 66,666 plants ha⁻¹). Results indicated that planting date and location significantly influenced all measured traits (p < 0.001). Late October planting resulted in the earliest emergence (14.6 days), fastest maturity (83.8 days), tallest plants (42.2 cm), and highest leaf and branch numbers, while each delay in planting progressively reduced vegetative growth and yield. High plant density (66,666 plants ha⁻¹) produced more branches and greater tuber yield (16.2 t ha⁻¹) than medium or low densities. The propagation method had no significant effect on any trait measured. Environmental variation also played a key role, as cooler temperatures and higher soil phosphorus at Wudil enhanced plant growth and tuber productivity compared with Kano. Overall, the best performance across morphological and yield parameters was achieved with late October planting at high plant density using cut seed tubers. These findings provide a framework for improving productivity and sustainability of potato production in Sudan Savanna.
Antagonistic Effects of Some Endophytic Fungi against Colletotrichum coccodes Causing Anthracnose Disease of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Anthracnose fruit rot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, is a major constraint to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide, leading to significant yield and postharvest losses. Conventional chemical control methods pose challenges such as pathogen resistance, environmental contamination, and high costs; hence, the need to explore eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigated the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungi — Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus sp., against C. coccodes disease of tomato under in vitro conditions. Endophytes were isolated from healthy tomato tissues collected from Adamawa and Gombe States, Nigeria, and identified morphologically. Dual culture assays were used to assess antagonistic interactions. Results showed that all endophytic isolates significantly inhibited the growth of C. coccodes (P < 0.05), though inhibition levels varied among species. Trichoderma sp. exhibited the highest antagonistic activity (up to 12.33 mm inhibition zone at day 7), followed by Rhizopus sp. (10.68 mm), A. niger (10.52 mm), and A. flavus (10.25 mm). Mechanisms observed included antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and competition for nutrients and space. The findings demonstrate that these endophytic fungi possess strong biocontrol potential against tomato anthracnose. Trichoderma sp., in particular, could be further developed as a biological control agent within integrated disease management programs. Future studies should focus on field validation and formulation of effective endophytic inoculants for sustainable tomato production.
Antibacterial Screening of Five Selected Plants Commonly Used Against Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Pathogens
This study investigates the antibacterial properties of five medicinal plants: Mangifera indica (mango leaves), Cola nitida (kolanut), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Xylopia aethiopica (Negro pepper), and Allium sativum (garlic), traditionally used for the treatment of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infections in Sokoto, Nigeria. Ethanolic, aqueous, diethyl ether, and n-hexane extracts were tested against various ENT pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The study employed agar well diffusion methods to determine zones of inhibition, as well as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. Results showed significant antibacterial activity, especially in the ethanolic extract of X. aethiopica, which demonstrated the highest activity against most pathogens. The findings support the ethnomedicinal use of these plants and suggest potential development into alternative antimicrobial agents.
First Report of the Yellow Blotched Pearl Moth, Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Nigeria
The study aimed at reporting the first sighting of the Yellow-Blotched Pearl Moth, Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854). The species is widely distributed in the family Crambidae. It can be found in Tropical Africa, Asia and Oceania. A single adult of Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis (Guenée, 1854) was observed and photographed at the Federal University Wukari Mosque, Taraba State, Nigeria, on 6 September 2025. The specimen was identified through photographic comparison using Afromoths and BOLD Systems and iNaturalist. This observation represents the first confirmed photographic record of the species in Nigeria. This record will increase the known range of Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis in West Africa, thereby contributing to the additional knowledge about the species, especially in Nigeria.
Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in the Lower Benue River, Makurdi: Implications for Ecological Health
Assessment of water quality indicators in the lower Benue River, Makurdi with emphasis on ecological health was studied for a year. Water samples collected monthly using plastic bottles were analysed for physicochemical variables and heavy metals following standard methods. The data obtained were subjected to statistical tools for descriptive and inferential analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The mean values were used to ascertain the pollution status of the area. Some variables ranged as pH, 5.60-8.00, Dissolved oxygen (DO), 3.20mg/l-5.80mg/l, Electrical conductivity (EC), 210-1890µs/cm, Temperature, 25.00 - 30.500C. Total dissolved solute (TDS), 122-867. Nitrate, phosphate and sulphate ranged as, 30-70mg/l, 0.010-0.90mg/l and 20-34mg/l respectively. Heavy metals ranged as, Cd, 0.0050-0.550mg/l, Cr, 0.150-0.580mg/l, Fe, 0.005-2.880mg/l, Pb,0.010-0.950 mg/l) and Ni, 0.068-0.40 (0.219±0.10mg/l). Only EC, and TDS exhibited both spatial and seasonal variation significantly at P<0.05. Single factor pollution index (SFI) ranged from 0.055-256 (non-pollution-severe pollution). Some parameters in the stations met acceptable limits but Station 3 exhibited significant pollution, particularly in heavy metals and nitrates. Comprehensive pollution index (CPI) ranged between 143.36 (Station 2) and 280.32. Contamination factor (CF) ranged between 2.03-104.33(station 1 and station 3) but highest in wet season. Pollution load index (PLI) ranged from 4.45-9.25 (ST3 and ST2), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), 58.02-180.03 (ST1 and ST3) while heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was 11.60-360.01. It was concluded that the Lower Benue River was slightly to severely polluted. Adequate measures should be put in place to monitor the levels of anthropogenic activities in the area.
Investigation of Bacteria Biostimulation Strategy for Heavy Metal Bioremediation in Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja
Heavy metal pollution in water systems disrupts ecosystems and poses serious public health risks. Bioremediation remains the most cost-effective and eco-friendly, relying on naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade or transform toxic contaminants. This study was aimed at stimulating microbial isolates from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWWTP) with nutrients to remove heavy metals from effluents obtained. Wastewater samples collected from Wupa WWTP were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, temperature, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, and concentrations of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe), using standard methods. Bacteria and fungi were isolated microbiologically, and a nine-day container experiment was conducted with four nutrient setups containing different concentrations of peptone (150 ml, 75 ml) and glucose (9 g, 4.5 g) to enhance microbial degradation capability. Biomass growth was monitored every three days using a UV spectrophotometer. The results revealed that physicochemical parameters of the treated and untreated wastewater exhibit significant differences (p<0.05), except for pH and temperature. All physicochemical parameters showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between treated and untreated wastewater, except pH and temperature. Heavy metal concentrations also differed significantly (p < 0.05), with Mn decreasing from 0.37±0.20 mg/L (untreated) to 0.31±0.10 mg/L (treated), Fe from 1.58±0.2 mg/L to 0.91±0.3 mg/L, and Zn from 0.501±0.10 mg/L to 0.501±0.10 mg/L. Eight bacterial species were isolated. The biostimulated microbial consortium effectively remediated Mn, Fe, and Zn by 66.8%, 60.5%, and 70.2%, respectively. This study demonstrates promising potential for heavy metal removal from wastewater treatment plants and industrial effluents.
Population Dynamics of Freshwater Snails in Relation to Physicochemical Parameters in Hayin Gada Stream of Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Freshwater ecosystems are sensitive to variations in physicochemical parameters that influence the abundance and distribution of aquatic organisms, including freshwater snails, which are key bioindicators and intermediate hosts of schistosomes. This study assessed the physicochemical properties of Hayin Gada Stream, Dutsin-Ma LGA, Katsina State, Nigeria, and their relationship with snail abundance and distribution. Monthly sampling was conducted from March to May 2024 at four stations representing human contact and irrigation sites. Snails were collected by hand-picking and scooping, identified to species level, and quantified, while water samples were analysed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity following APHA (2012) standards. Results showed temperature (23.67–27.33 °C), pH (6.17–6.83), DO (7.00–8.33 mg/L), and BOD (1.50–2.00 mg/L) were within WHO permissible limits. Turbidity (20–48 NTU) and TDS (216–627 mg/L) indicated moderate organic and ionic content. Statistical analysis revealed significant spatial variation in temperature (p = 0.021), while other parameters showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Three snail taxa, Melanoides, Bellamya, and Clams were identified, with Melanoides being dominant (41%), followed by Bellamya (31%) and Clams (28%). Snail abundance correlated negatively with temperature and pH, but positively with DO and BOD, suggesting physicochemical influences on population structure. The study concludes that Hayin Gada Stream sustains moderate biodiversity under favourable ecological conditions. Continuous monitoring of snail populations alongside water quality indices is recommended to detect early environmental degradation and manage schistosomiasis transmission risk.
Malaria infection; Knowledge, Attitude and perception among inhabitants of Oluyole LGA, Ibadan
Malaria remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, which accounts for 27% of global malaria cases and 32% of global malaria deaths in 2022. Despite intensified control efforts, the disease continues to impact communities such as Oluyole Local Government Area (LGA), Ibadan, where environmental and socio-economic factors favor persistent transmission. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of residents toward malaria infection to identify community-level gaps that may hinder effective control. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among inhabitants of Oluyole LGA using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that 85.0% of respondents correctly identified mosquito bites as the primary mode of transmission, while 72.0% recognized fever as a major symptom. However, 18.0% still associated malaria with incorrect causes such as exposure to sunlight or consumption of certain foods. Attitudes toward treatment were largely positive: 60.0% reported they would seek medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset, whereas 15.0% would delay treatment for more than three days. Trust in conventional medicine was high, with 75.0% expressing confidence in prescribed antimalarial drugs, compared with 25.0% who still preferred herbal remedies. Regarding preventive practices, 70.0% expressed favorable attitudes toward measures such as indoor residual spraying and mosquito coil use, although regular use of insecticide-treated nets remained suboptimal. The study demonstrates relatively high awareness toward malaria prevention and treatment. Strengthening community-based sensitization, improving access to preventive tools, and addressing traditional treatment preferences will support Nigeria’s broader malaria elimination efforts. Keywords: Malaria, Insect-Treated Nets (ITNs), Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception (KAP)
Haemostatic Disorder and Thrombotic Risk inHaemostatic Disorder and Thrombotic Risk in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients at UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo Chronic Hepatitis B Patients at UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health burden, causing liver damage and throws off haemostatic balance, putting patients at risk for thrombosis and bleeding. A total of 120 study subjects between the ages of 18-64 years old, comprised of 80 confirmed chronic HBV patients and 40 healthy individuals (as control) attending UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo were enrolled into this study. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), international normalized ratio (INR), and platelet indices (PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT) were measured using Mindray BC-5000 analyzer following established protocols. Data obtained from the patients were subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Version 26. Parameters with P≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. HBV patients had substantially longer PT (15.1 ± 0.9 s vs. 13.4 ± 5.2 s, p≤0.001) and higher INR (1.22 ± 0.09 vs. 1.01 ± 0.07, p≤0.001), and slightly greater MPV, PDW, and PCT but lower PLT counts. There was no significant difference in aPTT. 18.5% of patients experienced abnormal bleeding, which was associated with greater PT and INR (p≤0.05). Disease duration had an unfavourable relationship with PLT (r = –0.32) and a weak positive correlation with PT (r = 0.28). Prolonged PT/INR, thrombocytopaenia, and elevated platelet activation indices are signs of a complicated haemostatic imbalance initiated by chronic HBV infection. This is known as "rebalanced haemostasis," and it is accompanied by bleeding and thrombotic risk. To enhance results, HBV management strategies should incorporate routine coagulation monitoring.
Comparative Evaluation of Proximate and Microbial Composition of Smoked Dried Fishes Sold in Oil Mill and Eleme-Ncha Markets, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Evaluation of proximate and microbial composition of smoked fishes, Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Bonga fish Ethmalosa fimbriata) sold in Oil Mill and Eleme-Nchia markets, Port Harcourt were studied. Two replicates of the sample, C. gariepinus and Ethmalosa fimbriata were randomly obtained from the retailers in the selected markets and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Proximate and microbiological analysis were carried out following standard methods. Results showed that moisture content (MC) of Ethmalosa fimbriata and Clarias gariepinus in Oil Mill market ranged from 31.40-34.20% and 32.50-36.50% while that of Eleme-Nchia market ranged from 32.40-34.20% and 35.20-36.50% respectively. pH values varied from 6.10-6.50 and 6.30-6.65% for E. fimbriata and C. gariepinus respectively in Oil Mill market while that of Eleme-Nchia market varied from 6.25-6.52 and 6.40-6.50 without significant difference between the mean ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents unlike those of their fat and crude protein contents. The mean value of THB load in C. gariepinus (2466.67±57.74cfu/g) significantly differed from that of E. fimbriata (1950.00±304.14 cfu/g) in both markets. The mean value of bacteria varied in the order, THB>TCB>Salmonella. The mean fungal load on both fishes was higher in Eleme-Nchia than Oil Mil market. Fourteen bacteria and seven fungi some of which included Enterobacter spp, Klebsellas spp, Bacillus spp, Staphyloccocus spp, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosora etc were observed. The fishes in Eleme-Nchia market were nutritionally richer and microbially higher than those from the Oil Mill market. There should be proper monitoring of the handling processes and the processing techniques used.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Domestic Water from Pindiga Pond, Akko L.G.A., Gombe State, Nigeria.
Access to safe water is a major public health challenge in developing countries, such as Nigeria. This study evaluated the physicochemical, heavy metal, and bacteriological quality of domestic water from Pindiga Pond, Akko Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria, and compared the results with the WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality standards. Water samples from ten sampling points were collected between March and May and analysed using standard analytical methods to determine the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, microbial quality, and Water Quality Index (WQI). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis ANOVA at 95% CI. Most physicochemical parameters were within acceptable limits: pH (6.42–6.76), turbidity (0.33–1.44 NTU), and TDS (19.2–90.3 mg/L). However, dissolved oxygen (1.1-1.9 mg/L) and iron (1.37-2.56 mg/L) exceeded WHO limits. The heavy metals Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn were below the detection limit. Bacteriological analysis revealed severe faecal contamination, with total coliform counts (9.5-24 MPN/100 mL) and E. coli in 70% of the samples. Pathogenic bacteria, including S. typhi and V. cholerae, were isolated. Statistical analysis showed significant variation (p < 0.05) among sampling points. The WQI ranged from 1100.79 to 1216.34, indicating that the samples were unfit for human consumption. While the chemical composition meets most standards, bacteriological contamination renders the water unfit for domestic use without treatment. Point-of-use water treatment, sanitation improvement, and regular monitoring should be implemented in the future. Future studies should consider seasonal variations and employ molecular techniques for pathogen detection.
Effects of Wastewater Irrigation from Kalshingi Fish Farm on the Microbial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Agricultural Soils
Agriculture and aquaculture are vital components of global food security. However, using fish farm wastewater for irrigation raises concerns about its effects on soil health and microbial communities. This study assessed the effects of fish farm wastewater from the Kalshinge Fish Farm on soil bacterial diversity, physicochemical properties, and implications for agricultural productivity. Soil samples were collected from the impacted and control plots at the Kalshinge Fish Farm, and key soil parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, and nutrient concentrations, were measured. Bacterial isolates were identified, and their antibiotic sensitivities were evaluated. The results showed that the pH values ranged from 4.72 to 7.00, electrical conductivity from 2470 to 2930 µS/cm, and salinity between 5.82 and 7.65 mg/100 g in the impacted soils, which were higher than those in the control soils. The total heterotrophic bacterial count in impacted samples ranged from 0.007 to 0.075 CFU/mL, with sample E showing the highest count (0.075 CFU/mL). Bacterial species, including Escherichia coli (80% occurrence), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (60%), were prevalent in the affected soils. Antibiotic resistance was observed in isolates, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which showed resistance to Amoxicillin and Azithromycin. Wastewater can enhance soil fertility but also poses risks of soil degradation and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study highlights the need for sustainable management to minimise the impact of irrigation. Future research should examine the long-term effects on microbial diversity and explore strategies to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in agricultural systems.
Protein, Carbohydrate and Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) Infecting Wild Pig Potamochoerus africanus (Suisdae) with Record of Heavy Metals Contents
Ascaris suum is a widespread vertebrates’ helminthes parasite, including humans. There is little study on A. suum in wild vertebrates, it has become necessary to evaluate the nutrients profile they accumulate from hosts and its ability to uptake heavy metals from their hosts feeds. The intestinal contents of matured Potamochoerus africanus were bought from various markets from 2023 to 2025. In 2023, nine, 2024 seven whereas in 2025 twelve intestines were bought and 2(15 parasite samples), 3(36 parasite samples) and 4(29 parasite samples) of the samples were infected with large matured A. suum species respectively. This recorded a high prevalence of 22.2%, 42.85 % and 32.10 % respectively. Fifteen of these samples were pooled into five sample sets for proximate composition, amino acid, carbohydrate and free fatty acid profiles using standard methods. The results show that A. suum is characterized by high moisture and carbohydrate content, low lipid reserves, and modest protein levels. The findings provide baseline biochemical data for A. suum in wild pigs. Also, histological assessment of the worm showed classical features of A. suum while thirteen were analyzed using (AAS) mg/kg. The results show varying levels of heavy metal accumulation with Zn (1.3877 ± 0.0792) as highest level whereas Ni (0.0000 ± 0.0000), and V (0.0000 ± 0.0000) were not detected. Also, the presence of Hg (0.0110 ± 0.0008) is rather worrisome, highlighting potential environmental contamination and risks to both wild and domesticated swine health and food safety.
Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Anti-malarial Drug-resistance Genes in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), despite routine antimalarial prophylaxis. This study assessed the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the distribution of antimalarial drug-resistance genes among homozygous SCD (HbSS) patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 186 HbSS individuals were enrolled. Malaria infection was diagnosed using rapid diagnostic tests and confirmed by microscopy, while parasite density was determined from thick blood smears. Molecular detection of resistance-associated genes (Pfmdr1, Pfk13, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, and Pfcrt) was performed using a multiplex PCR. Overall malaria prevalence was 38.7%, with a geometric mean parasite density of 15,832 parasites/µL. Infection was most frequent among children aged 6–10 years, and no significant association was observed with sex or age. Despite high prophylaxis coverage, Pfdhps (66.6%) was the most prevalent resistance gene, while Pfcrt (6.9%) showed the lowest frequency. These findings highlight the persistence of malaria transmission and the circulation of resistance genes among SCD patients, underscoring the need for strengthened molecular surveillance and targeted malaria control strategies among this vulnerable population.
Isolation, Identification and Screening of Fungal Isolates for Humic Acid Production
Sustainable biotechnological processes have encouraged the search for efficient microorganisms capable of converting agricultural and organic wastes into valuable bio-products such as humic acids. Soil samples were obtained from dump sites of an oil palm processing farm in Obokun, Osun State. The soil sample was subjected to serial dilution and plated on Potato Dextrose agar plating technique to isolate distinct fungal colonies. Fungal isolates were purified, and identified by morphological and cultural characteristics and screened for growth performance based on colony diameter and fungal biomass, while humic acid production was assessed using a submerged fermentation process. Molecular analysis confirmed two isolates identified as Aspergillus flavus (PX097504) and Fusarium sp. Comparative growth analysis revealed that A. flavus demonstrated superior performance in both colony diameter (30.50 ± 0.09 mm) and fungal biomass (2.49 ± 0.02 g) when compared to Fusarium sp. (28.64 ± 0.04 mm and 1.98 ± 0.02 g, respectively). During fermentation, Fusarium sp. initially showed slightly higher humic acid production at the early stages (0.90 mg/L on day 1 and 1.10 mg/L on day 2); however, A. flavus outperformed it in subsequent days, achieving a maximum humic acid concentration of 2.20 mg/L by day 5. The findings demonstrate the potential of indigenous fungal isolates for bioconversion of organic wastes into humic substances, offering an environmentally-friendly approach to waste management and soil enrichment.
Prevalence of Tinea Capitis among Children Attending Some Islamiyya Schools in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
The Tinea capitis is a mycosis caused by pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes, which is reported more among children than adults globally. It is also called ‘ringworm’ not because it is caused by a parasitic worm but due to the appearance of circular form on the infected scalp of an individual. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, causes and socioeconomic factors related to Tinea capitis among children in some selected Islamiyah schools in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 400 children were screened for Tinea capitis via culture and microscopy. The overall prevalence of Tinea capitis among the children was 29.3%. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most prevalent (10.8%), followed by Microsprorum canis (5.0%) and Trichophyton rubrum (5.0%). Other dematophytes included Trichophyton tonsurans (2.5%), Trichophyton violaceum (1.8%), Microsprorum audoinii (1.8%), but the lowest occurring was Trichophyton schoenleinii (1.0%) and Epidermatophyton floccosum (0.5%). Antifungal susceptibility was carried out with three (3) antifungal agents, including itraconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin. All the isolates were sensitive to itraconazole, 22 isolates of T. Mentagrophytes were sensitive to terbinafine; while 21 isolates of T. mentagrophytes were resistant to terbinafine. Some of the isolates were sensitive to griseofulvin while others were resistant to griseofulvin. Four (4) isolates of T. rubrum were resistant to terbinafine; while twenty (20) isolates were sensitive to both itraconazole and griseofulvin, and sixteen (16) isolates were sensitive to terbinafine. This suggests the high propensities of spread of Tinea capitis through human to human and animal contact.
Impact of Thermal and High-pressure Processing on the Amino Acid profile of Trichosanthes lobata
This study investigated the impact of thermal and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the amino acid profile of Trichosanthes lobata, an underutilized plant with high nutritional potential. The objective was to evaluate how these food processing methods affect amino acid content, which directly influences the nutritional value of the plant. Samples of T. lobata were subjected to thermal treatment at 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C, and HPP at 250 MPa, 300 MPa, and 350 MPa. Amino acid concentrations were then analyzed and compared to unprocessed controls. Thermal processing resulted in a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in amino acid content across all temperatures, with decrease in key amino acids such as leucine, lysine, isoleucine, and glutamic acid. Essential amino acids were especially vulnerable, indicating loss of nutritional quality even at moderate temperatures (80°C). In contrast, HPP at 250 MPa and 300 MPa preserved amino acid levels effectively, with no significant difference from the unprocessed samples (P > 0.05). However, at 350 MPa, there was amino acid degradation, suggesting a pressure threshold beyond which nutritional integrity is compromised. In conclusion, while thermal processing significantly diminishes the amino acid content of T. lobata moderate HPP (≤300 MPa) is a promising non-thermal alternative that preserves its protein quality. Despite its potential, limited studies have been conducted on the impact of thermal and high-pressure processing on Trichosanthes lobata. Given the importance of this plant as a functional food and medicinal ingredient, assessing how these processing techniques influence its amino acid profile is essential.
Plasmodium falciparum Detection and Assessment of Utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets among Pregnant Women Attending Sir Muhammad Sanusi Specialist Hospital, Kano State
Pregnancy associated with malaria (PAM) is a major cause of morbidity among pregnant women and their offspring in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. This study assessed the utilization of the insecticide-treated nets by Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women attending Sir Muhammad Sunusi Specialist Hospital, Kano. Blood samples of 220 pregnant women were collected and analyzed by Rapid diagnostic test, microscopy, Parasite Density estimation, Hematological parameters and molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum. Questionnaires were used to obtain information about occupation, age, trimesters (gestation of pregnancy), and use of mosquito nets. The results showed that the age range of 18-30 recorded the highest prevalence of 21.9%. Highest incidence was also recorded in the 3rd trimester, followed by the 2nd and 1st trimesters with percentage prevalences of 22.4%, 19.3% and 18.2% respectively. The parasite density was not significantly different among respondents of various trimesters and severe parasitemia was observed to be higher in women in their first trimester. The hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P<0.05). Among the pregnant women. The proportion of pregnant women who used the net 201(91.4%) was significantly higher (P>0.05) than those who did not use the nets 19 (8.6%). Out of the 10 samples that had the highest parasite density, only 3 (30) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum when tested by molecular analysis. Despite the low prevalence, pregnant women should be encouraged about the need for adequate utilization of ITN to prevent maternal and infant morbidity and mortality due to malaria.
Histological Impact of Intestinal Helminth Parasites of some Vertebrates sold in Select Markets, Rivers State, Nigeria
Intestinal helminth parasites' impact on the health of their hosts in several ways, including altering the structure and function of host tissues. Histological impacts of three helminthes from three vertebrate hosts are hereby reported. Intestinal helminth community of greater cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) of Omagwa Bush Meat Market, Rivers State, Nigeria, was sampled to compare with previous reports. Intestinal tracts of T. swinderianus (n=12) samples were obtained from the slaughterhouse at Omagwa Bush Meat Market. Fish specimens (Bostrychus africanus [n=24] and Periophthalmus papilio [n=17]) were obtained from fishers at Creek Road Market, Rivers State. Sampling lasted from June to August 2023. All hosts were examined for parasites by dissection and microscopic examination; histologic impacts were assessed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining procedures. Hosts and parasites were appropriately identified using keys. Thryonomys swinderianus were infected by nematodes- Trichuris sp. (16.7%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (50%) and Strongylus sp. (25%). Raphidascaroides africanus (20.8%) and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (6%) infected Bostrychus africanus and Periophthalmus papilio, respectively. Histologic impacts observed were as follows: T. swinderianus infected with Trichuris sp. showed mild disintegration of tissues. Raphidascaroides africanus caused detachment of the connective tissue core and dispersed mucus-secreting cells in B. africanus; Neoechinorhynchus sp. resulted in loss of secretory cells associated with disruption of the intestinal epithelial lining in P. papilio. The study showed that parasites result in histological changes, including tissue disintegration and dispersal/loss of secretory cells, in vertebrate hosts, and helminths of T. swinderianus include Trichuris sp., Oesophagostomum venulosum and Strongylus sp.
Sex-Based Variations in Length–Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Heterotis niloticus from Kalgwai Reservoir
The present study investigated how sex influences the length–weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor (K) of Heterotis niloticus inhabiting the Kalgwai Reservoir in Northwestern Nigeria from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 120 specimens, comprising equal numbers of males and females, were randomly collected from three sampling stations using a combination of gill nets (25–50 mm mesh sizes), cast nets and longlines. Total length and body weight were recorded following established biometric procedures, and sex was identified through gonadal examination. Analysis of the log-transformed length–weight data revealed that males had b-values ranging from 0.35 to 1.21, with a mean of 1.21, whereas females exhibited a wider range of 0.03 to 1.95 and a higher mean value of 1.95. The combined dataset produced an average b of 1.42. In all cases, the regression coefficient (b) was below the theoretical cube value (b = 3), signifying negative allometric growth, where increase in length outpaces gain in weight. The Fulton’s condition factor (K) differed between sexes, with males averaging 0.70 and females 1.20, while the overall mean stood at 0.90. The relatively higher K values recorded in females indicate a better physiological state, possibly linked to energy accumulation for reproduction, whereas the low values observed in some males point to potential nutritional stress. These outcomes emphasize the importance of sex in determining the growth pattern and well-being of H. niloticus and provide essential reference data for the management and aquaculture development of the species within the Kalgwai Reservoir.
Protective Effects of Jobelyn® Against Lead-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity and Haematological Alterations in Male Mice
Lead exposure remains a major public-health concern due to its oxidative and inflammatory capacity to disrupt hepatic, renal, and haematological function. Jobelyn® (JB), a polyphenol-rich extract from Sorghum bicolor leaf sheath with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has not previously been evaluated in lead-induced systemic toxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of Jobelyn® on lead-induced hepatorenal and haematological alterations in male mice. Twenty male Swiss mice (22–30 g) were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5) and treated orally for seven days: control (distilled water, 2 mL/kg), lead acetate (100 mg/kg), and lead acetate (100 mg/kg) co-administered with Jobelyn® (50 or 100 mg/kg). Lead exposure significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (68.8 ± 3.88 U/L, p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (36.0 ± 0.84 U/L, p < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase (99.87 ± 3.74 U/L, p < 0.01), urea (39.13 ± 1.33 mg/dL, p < 0.01), creatinine (0.57 ± 0.03 mg/dL, p < 0.01), white blood cell count (6.05 ± 0.16 × 10⁹/L, p < 0.01), neutrophils (71.6 ± 3.61%, p < 0.01), and lymphocytes (63.8 ± 1.39%, p < 0.05), while red blood cell count (4.54 ± 0.18 × 10¹²/L, p < 0.01), packed cell volume (30.8 ± 1.11%, p < 0.01), and haemoglobin (9.42 ± 0.29 g/dL, p < 0.01) decreased versus control. Co-treatment with Jobelyn® improved these parameters dose-dependently, with the 100 mg/kg dose producing the greatest amelioration (p < 0.05 vs lead group). These findings suggest that Jobelyn® exert hepatorenal and haematological protection against lead toxicity in mice.
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum cell-free extract against some multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens associated with chronic wounds
Abstract The existence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens and biofilm formation are critical factors that compromise the management of wound infections and pose significant barriers to successful therapeutic outcomes. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of L. plantarum cell-free supernatant (CSF) against resistant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms associated with chronic wounds. Antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the resistance profile of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method at various concentrations of CSF. Crystal violet microtiter plate assay was used to quantify the antibiofilm activity of the isolates. A high level of resistance to penicillin and ofloxacin was observed among the isolates. Significant antibacterial effects were observed, with inhibition zones of 17.2 mm for S. aureus at 100 µL (p = 0.002) and 19.7 mm for P. aeruginosa at 200 µL (p = 0.018). Quantification of biofilm revealed OD600 values of 0.48 and 0.72, corresponding to 60% and 46.7% biofilm inhibition for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The findings highlight promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of L. plantarum CSF bioactive against multidrug-resistant pathogens associated with chronic wounds, suggesting its potential as a potential therapeutic agent.
Prevalence and Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients in a Secondary Healthcare Facility in Southwest Nigeria
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The burden of MetS is growing rapidly in Nigeria, driven by urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary changes. Early detection in at-risk populations is essential for prevention and management. The study aims to determine the prevalence of MetS and identify its predictors among patients attending Ring Road Specialist Hospital, Ibadan, using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 participants recruited from the cardiovascular clinic, general outpatient department, and non-patient population working in the hospital. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, medical history, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. MetS was diagnosed according to NCEP-ATP III criteria. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify independent predictors. The prevalence of MetS was 51.6%, highest among cardiac patients (88%) and lowest in the non-patient group (12%). Hypertension and abdominal obesity were the most common components. Significant predictors of MetS included elevated HbA1c, high triglyceride levels, low HDL-C, and being in the cardiovascular clinic group. Logistic regression showed that elevated HbA1c (OR=3.01, p<0.001), triglycerides (OR=2.75, p=0.002), and low HDL-C (OR=2.18, p=0.015) independently predicted MetS. MetS is highly prevalent among patients in this secondary healthcare facility, particularly among those with existing cardiovascular disease. Routine screening using HbA1c and lipid profiles, combined with targeted lifestyle interventions, is recommended for early detection and management.
Comparative Phytochemical and Antibacterial Evaluation of Methanol and Ethanol Extracts of Senna occidentalis Leaves against Uropathogenic Bacteria
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain among the most common bacterial infections worldwide and are increasingly complicated by multidrug resistance among uropathogens. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of Senna occidentalis against clinical UTI-associated isolates, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the agar dilution method. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify bioactive constituents. Both extracts exhibited notable antibacterial effects, with the methanol extract demonstrating superior inhibition zones (16–24 mm) compared to the ethanol extract (12–18 mm). The MIC values for methanol extract ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL and 12.5 to 25 mg/mL for ethanol extract. Minimum bactericidal concentration values were lower for the methanol extract (12.5–25 mg/mL) than for the ethanol extract (25–50 mg/mL). Phytochemical analysis revealed tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpenoids, with flavonoids absent in the ethanol extract. These secondary metabolites are well-documented for antimicrobial mechanisms, including protein precipitation, enzyme inhibition and membrane disruption. The findings highlight the strong antibacterial potential of S. occidentalis, particularly its methanol extract and support its traditional use in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Further investigations are needed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the bioactive compounds in vivo for potential development of novel plant-derived therapeutics.
Hospital Fomites as Reservoirs of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Evidence from a Surgical Ward in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Hospital fomites are increasingly recognized as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, contributing to the transmission of hospital-acquired infections in resource-limited settings. This study assessed the prevalence and antibiogram profiles of enteric bacteria isolated from high-touch surfaces in the surgical ward of General Hospital, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Twenty swab samples were collected from fomites including beds, sinks, door handles, stethoscopes, drip stands, and surgical instruments. Thirty-eight bacterial isolates were recovered: Escherichia coli (50.0%), Klebsiella spp (23.68%), Salmonella spp (10.53%), Proteus spp (10.53%), and Shigella spp (5.26%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance across isolates. Escherichia coli showed 94.8% resistance to amoxicillin, 84.2% to chloramphenicol, and 68.4% to augmentin. Klebsiella spp exhibited 100% resistance to augmentin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Salmonella spp and Proteus spp were resistant to 100% of amoxicillin and augmentin, while Shigella spp showed complete resistance (100%) to all tested antibiotics. Limited susceptibility was observed: gentamicin inhibited 47.4% of E. coli, 66.7% of Klebsiella spp and 25–50% of Salmonella spp and Proteus spp while ofloxacin was effective against 22.2% of Klebsiella spp and 50% of Salmonella and Proteus spp. Some isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with Proteus and Salmonella spp resistant to up to eight antibiotics, and Shigella spp to nine antibiotics. These findings underscore the persistence of MDR enteric bacteria on hospital fomites and their potential role in nosocomial infection transmission. Strengthened infection prevention strategies, rational antibiotic use, and routine environmental surveillance are urgently needed to curb the spread of resistant pathogens in Nigerian healthcare facilities.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hookworm Infection in Dutsin‑Ma Town, Katsina State, Nigeria
Hookworm infection remains a significant public health concern in many developing countries, particularly among school-aged children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of hookworm infection among school children in Dutsin-Ma town, Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of 332 stool samples were collected from children attending both public and private schools. The samples were examined using the formalin-ether method followed by microscopic identification of hookworm ova. The overall prevalence of hookworm infection was 35.5% (118/332). Prevalence was higher in males (38.8%) compared to females (30.5%), it suggests a possible gender-based variation. Similarly, prevalence appeared to increase with age, but these trends were not statistically significant (p= 0.976). In Odds ratio, among the various factors assessed, handwashing before eating had a statistically significant protective effect against hookworm infection (OR = 0.342, p = 0.030), indicating the relevance of hygiene practice. On the other hand, playing barefoot was associated with higher odds of infection (OR = 1.832, p = 0.080), although the result was not statistically significant. The findings emphasize the moderate prevalence of hookworm infection among school children in the study area and suggest that age and hygiene behaviors may influence infection risk. These results highlight the need for integrated control strategies, including regular deworming, health education, and improved hygiene and sanitation in schools.
Assessment of Micronutrients and Lipid Status of Hypertensive Patients, Receiving Treatment at Adeoyo State Hospital, Oyo State.
Hypertension is of great public health concern locally and internationally, contributing significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although, pharmacological treatments are widely used, micronutrient intake and lipid status remain underexplored factors influencing blood pressure control in the Nigerian context. This study assessed the micronutrients and lipid status of hypertensive patients attending Adeoyo State Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, and explored their associations with blood pressure control. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 340 hypertensive patients recruited from the hospital’s hypertension clinic. Structured questionnaires captured socio-demographic and dietary information, while anthropometric and clinical measurements (BMI, blood pressure) were recorded. Venous blood samples were analyzed for serum micronutrients using ion selective electrode (ISE) machine and lipid profiles using standard enzymatic methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at a 5% significance level. Hypertensive patients were significantly older (57.3 ± 9.8 years) and had higher BMI (28.6 ± 4.9 kg/m²) compared with non-hypertensive controls (p < 0 .001). The mean serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were lower in hypertensive patients but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher, while HDL cholesterol was significantly lower among hypertensive participants (p < 0.001). Lipid parameters showed significant correlations with blood pressure, whereas micronutrient levels did not. Dyslipidemia, rather than micronutrient imbalance, was the major biochemical disturbance associated with hypertension in this population. Integrating lipid management and lifestyle modification into hypertension care is essential for effective prevention of cardiovascular complications.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Pleurotus Tuber-Regium Across Selected African Regions
Pleurotus tuber-regium, the King Tuber Oyster mushroom, is an edible and medicinal macrofungus widely distributed across tropical and subtropical Africa. Despite its nutritional and therapeutic significance, limited molecular data exist on its phylogenetic diversity across the continent. This study investigated the evolutionary relationships of P. tuber-regium isolates from selected African regions using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene sequences retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database. A total of thirty-six sequences were analyzed, representing isolates from Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Madagascar, and South Africa. Multiple sequence alignment was performed in Geneious version 9.1 using the MUSCLE algorithm, and phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted with the Neighbor-Joining method under the Tamura–Nei model. The aligned dataset had a total length of 423 bp, with 93.6% conserved sites and an overall pairwise identity of 99.5%, indicating high genetic stability. The phylogenetic tree comprised 41 nodes and 36 tips, revealing minimal genetic divergence among most isolates. Strains from West and Central African formed two tightly clustered subclades, whereas isolates from Madagascar and South Africa appeared as early-diverging lineages, suggesting minor regional differentiation potentially linked to ecological adaptation. Overall, the results demonstrate low intra-continental variation and a single, broadly distributed African lineage of P. tuber-regium. The strong sequence conservation across diverse ecological zones implies potential similarity in metabolite composition and mycochemical profiles. However, the scarcity of genomic and complementary molecular data from Eastern and Southern Africa highlights the need for expanded sampling and multi-loci phylogenetic studies to refine understanding of the species’ evolutionary and biochemical diversity.
Histological Studies on The Skin in Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) with Reference to Some Specialized Integument Structures.
The present study used light microscopy to describe the histomorphological characteristics of specialized structures of the integument of the cane rat, a precocial rodent widely distributed in moist parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Skin samples from specialized areas of the integuments were collected from seven (7) ethically euthanized cane rats, processed by routine paraffin techniques. The eyelid was lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Hair follicles of primary type were observed at the deeper portion of the reticular layer of the dermis. The tarsal gland was observed at the subepithelial area of the surface epithelium. The ear auricle was lined by stratified squamous epithelium, and the matrix of the auricular cartilage showed chondrocytes within a variable-shaped lacuna surrounded by perichondrium. The palmar surface of the forepaw was lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which was excessively keratinized in the hind paw. Pigmented cells were present at the stratum basale, on both surfaces. Our findings offer valuable insights into the basic histomorphology of specialized areas of the integument in cane rats, which were consistent with related rodent species inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa.
Assessment of Plasma Trace Elements Levels and Haematological Indices in Sickle Cell Patients Attending Federal Medical Centre Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Various medical conditions can influence how the body interacts with trace elements, resulting in either deficiencies or toxicities that may play a role in the onset of diseases and pathological conditions. Consequently, proper management of trace element imbalances necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's trace element levels. Therefore, this study assessed the levels of some trace elements and haematological indices in sickle cell patients. Fifty-eight (58) adults, twenty-nine of whom were sickle cell patients attending the haematology clinic at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, and 29 apparently healthy controls, mainly staff at the facility who had consented to participate, were recruited into the study. Trace elements zinc, selenium, manganese, iron, and cobalt, and haematological indices PCV, MCH, and reticulocytes were determined using standard procedures. Plasma Zn and Fe, as well as Hb, PCV, and MCH, reported for sickle cell patients, were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those reported for their control counterparts. A contrary observation was made on manganese, while the value reported for cobalt was the same in the two groups. In conclusion, it was deduced from this study that trace elements and haematological indices are greatly reduced in the sickle cell condition.
Antidiabetic Activity of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by Balanites aegyptiaca in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health challenge associated with complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disorders. This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesised using the fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca through a green synthesis approach. The plant extract served as both a reducing and stabilising agent, and the formation of crystalline ZnO-NPs was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally in Wistar albino rats using streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg). STZ induction caused a significant increase in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, along with a reduction in HDL, anaemia, and elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), indicating hepatic dysfunction and haematological disturbances. Oral administration of ZnO-NPs (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 14 days significantly reversed these alterations in a dose-dependent manner. Treated rats exhibited reduced fasting blood glucose, normalised lipid profiles, restored haematological parameters, and improved liver enzyme levels. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues revealed marked β-cell regeneration and restored islet architecture, comparable to glibenclamide-treated rats. These findings suggest that B. aegyptiaca-mediated ZnO-NPs possess potent antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and haematoprotective effects. The synergistic action between zinc and plant-derived phytochemicals enhances therapeutic efficacy, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective nanotherapeutic for diabetes management.
Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus abyssinica Root Extracts against Candida albicans
The increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance in Candida albicans the primary agent of candidiasis, necessitates the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Medicinal plants like Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus abyssinica are promising sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of M. oleifera and Z. abyssinica root extracts against C. albicans, determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and analyze their phytochemical constituents. Root powders were extracted using aqueous, ethanol, and n-hexane solvents. Antifungal activity was assessed via the agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml. The MIC was determined using the tube dilution method. Phytochemical analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). All extracts exhibited dose-dependent antifungal activity. The ethanol extracts showed the highest efficacy, with zones of inhibition up to 14 mm for M. oleifera and 16 mm for Z. abyssinica at 100 mg/ml, a result comparable to the Fluconazole control (16 mm). The MIC for the most effective extracts was 75 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including beta-Sitosterol (42.72%) and Valerenol (15.16%) in Z. abyssinica and a predominant pentacyclic compound (42.87%) and 16-Pregnenolone (13.97%) in M. oleifera. The root extracts of M. oleifera and Z. abyssinica, particularly their ethanol fractions, possess significant antifungal properties against C. albicans, with efficacy rivaling a standard drug. These findings validate their traditional use and suggest their potential as sources for developing new antifungal drugs to combat resistant candidiasis.
Protective Effects of Neptunia oleracea Hydroethanolic Extracts Against Gentamicin Induced Liver and Kidney Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats
This study evaluated the protective effects of Neptunia oleracea hydroethanolic extract against gentamicin induced Oxidative stress in albino rats. The qualitative phytochemical screening identified flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, steroids are present while glycosides, and cardinolides are absent. Acute-toxicity test showed an LD50> 5000 mg/kg with no mortality or behavioral changes in the animals, while sub-acute exposure (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, for 28 days) showed normal body weight gain. The 30 albino rats are used for the test and are divided in to six equal groups as:- Group-1, Positive Control (received distilled water); Group-2, Negative Control (received Gentamicin 80mg/kg I.p); Group-3, Standard Drug (received Gentamicin and silimarin 140mg/kg b.w orally); Group 4 to 6 received gentamicin and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of N. Oleracea orally). Gentamicin administration led to marked elevations in biochemical markers of liver and kidney injury, including ALT, AST, bilirubin, creatinine, and urea, alongside decreased levels of albumin and total protein. It also caused histopathological damage and increased oxidative stress, confirming its toxic effects. Treatment with N. Oleracea hydroethanolic extract, especially at a dose of 400mg/kg, protected biochemical and histological parameters levels. The extract also significantly prevented oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity, supporting its protective role. The efficacy of N. Oleracea hydroethanolic extract was comparable to that of the standard drug silymarin, indicating its potential as a natural therapeutic alternative. Therefore, it concluded that N. Oleracea hydroethanolic extract has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, likely due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Curative Effects of Neptunia oleracaea Hydroethanol Leaf Extract on Gentamacin-Induced Liver and Kidney Oxidative Stress in Wister Rats
This study investigated the curative potential of Neptunia oleracea hydroethanolic leaf extract against gentamicin-induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of albino rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control, standard control (gentamicin + silymarin 100 mg/kg), and three treatment groups receiving N. oleracea extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Acute toxicity testing showed no adverse effects up to 5000 mg/kg, indicating the extract is practically non-toxic (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg). Gentamicin administration significantly increased serum AST, ALT, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, potassium, MDA, and hydrogen peroxide levels, while decreasing albumin, total protein, sodium, SOD, and GSH—confirming hepatic and renal oxidative damage. Treatment with N. oleracea extract produced dose-dependent protection, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the most pronounced effects. The extract significantly restored liver function markers (AST, ALT, bilirubin, albumin, and total protein) and improved renal parameters (creatinine, urea, and electrolyte balance). Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH) were enhanced, while lipid peroxidation markers (MDA, hydrogen peroxide) were reduced. Histopathological examination supported these biochemical results, showing preservation of normal liver and kidney structures in treated rats compared with the gentamicin-only group. In conclusion, Neptunia oleracea hydroethanolic leaf extract exhibits potent hepatocurative and nephrocurative effects against gentamicin-induced toxicity, likely due to its antioxidant mechanisms. These results validate its traditional medicinal use and highlight its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing drug-induced liver and kidney oxidative damage.
Prevalence of Veterinary and Zoonotic Helminths in Sheep from Livestock Markets and Abattoirs in Gombe State, Nigeria
A cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2023 and June 2024 to determine the prevalence and distribution of veterinary and zoonotic helminths among sheep sourced from livestock markets and abattoirs in Gombe State, Nigeria. Using a two-stage sampling approach, a total of 650 sheep were examined across six locations—four livestock markets (Gombe Central, Kwadom, Dukku, and Kumo) and two abattoirs (Gombe Main and Bajoga). Of these, 516 were infected, yielding an overall prevalence of 79.4% (95% CI: 76.1–82.3). Infection rates were higher in abattoirs (87.2%) than in markets (71.8%). Nematodes predominated (58.9%), with Haemonchus contortus (38.0%), Trichostrongylus spp. (18.9%), and Strongyloides papillosus (2.0%) as the principal species. Trematode infections accounted for 17.4%, mainly Fasciola gigantica (11.1%) and Paramphistomum spp. (6.3%), while the cestode Moniezia expansa occurred in 3.1% of cases. Age, body condition, breed, and season significantly influenced prevalence (p < 0.0001), with adults, poorly conditioned sheep, the Yankasa breed, and rainy-season samples showing the highest infection rates. Sex had no significant effect (p = 0.057). Notably, zoonotic helminths constituted 51.1% of all infections, emphasizing potential public health implications. The predominance of H. contortus and F. gigantica underscores the need for integrated helminth control strategies, improved management, and routine surveillance at the livestock–human interface in Gombe State.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection in Slaughtered Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedary) in Maiduguri Central Abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria
Cryptosporidiosis is on the increase due to the high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other debilitating diseases. This study was carried out to determine the age- and sex-specific prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in slaughtered dromedary camels in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A total number of 170 faecal samples were collected and examined using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining technique under a light microscope. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 27.6%. Camels with age <2 years had the higher prevalence of 31.4%, and the lowest was seen in camels between 2 and 3 years. For camels aged 4-5 years and >5 years, the prevalence was 30.4% and 24.6%, respectively. There was a statistically significant (P=0.001) association between age and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Dromedary camels. Males had a higher prevalence of 29.6% compared to females, who had a prevalence of 25.0%. Soft stools had a higher (34.6%) Cryptosporidium compared to semi-solid and solid faeces with 18.2% and 10.5%, respectively. Cryptosporidium infection was not significantly associated with the sex of camels (P=0.24). Cryptosporidiosis poses a serious threat to the camel industry and public health in Maiduguri, Borno State. It was also observed that butchers, animal handlers, and abattoir crews were at risk of contracting the infection and were therefore recommended to wear personal protective clothing (hand gloves and aprons) and also adopt the practice of hand washing to prevent contamination and exposure to the parasites.
Effect of Land Use Conflict Between Crops Farmers and Pastoralists on Their Income and Standard of Living in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study examined the effect of land use conflict between crop farmers and pastoralists on their income and standard of living in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The research was prompted by the growing incidence of violent clashes between the two groups over farmland, grazing routes, and water resources, which have disrupted agricultural productivity and community stability. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 387 respondents comprising both crop farmers and pastoralists across conflict-prone wards. Primary data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and interviews, while secondary data were sourced from relevant journals, government reports, and local records. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test analysis to determine variations in income and living standards before and after the conflicts. The results revealed a significant decline in household income, agricultural output, and asset ownership among both crop farmers and pastoralists. Crop farmers’ average annual income dropped from ₦3,452,870.40 to ₦1,698,554.20, while that of pastoralists declined from ₦462,380.00 to ₦298,472.50. These conflicts resulted in reduced food availability, displacement, and weakened social cohesion. The study found a strong relationship between recurrent land use conflicts and declining standards of living in Giwa LGA. It concludes that the persistent disputes between crop farmers and pastoralists have severely undermined livelihoods and rural development in the study area. The study recommends the strengthening of local conflict-resolution mechanisms, the establishment of well-demarcated grazing routes and farmlands, the promotion of ranching systems, and post-conflict livelihood support programs to restore peace and improve economic resilience.
Evaluation of Haematocrit, Haemoglobin Level and EPO mRNA Expression among Male Blood Donors in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria
Evaluating erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA expression alongside conventional haematologic indices offers deeper insight into the body’s compensatory erythropoietic response. While most studies on blood donors focus on haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct), little is known about EPO gene expression, particularly among male donors who constitute the majority in many regions. This cross-sectional study assessed Hct, Hb, and EPO mRNA expression in 100 male donors in Ibadan, Nigeria (50 regular, 50 occasional). Haematological parameters were measured using automated methods, while EPO mRNA was quantified by GAPDH-normalised RT-PCR. Data were analysed using independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation, and Mann–Whitney U tests at p<0.05 level of significance. Regular donors had significantly lower mean Hct (31.86±6.32%) and Hb (10.59±2.11 g/dL) compared to occasional donors (41.40 ± 3.30% and 13.77±1.10 g/dL; p<0.001). The EPO mRNA expression was more variable among regular donors, with 68% showing downregulation and 32% upregulation, whereas occasional donors had 10% downregulation and 90% upregulation (p = 0.905). The EPO mRNA and Hct showed a weak, insignificant correlation (r = 0.102, p = 0.315). Regular donors were more likely to exhibit subclinical anaemia, suggesting that Hb screening alone may not be sufficient to detect early haematologic stress and erythropoietic compensation. Occasional donors had higher EPO gene expression compared to regular donors, indicating they may be well-suited for blood donation due to their enhanced ability to regenerate red blood cells. These findings underscore the possibility of including molecular markers like EPO mRNA in donor monitoring to enhance donor safety and eligibility assessment.
Molecular Identification of Baylisascaris transfuga from Gobiid Fishes: Parasite Prevalence and Fish Condition
Molecular biology methods are advocated for specific and accurate diagnosis of parasites. We examined gobiid fishes, Bostrychus africanus and Periophthalmus papilio, from four locations in Rivers State, Nigeria, for parasite identification using molecular biology techniques. Basket traps were used to capture the fish; gobiids were identified using specific guides, and meristic measurements were taken. Parasite isolation was done using standard procedures. The parasites were sorted based on morphological differences by wet microscopy, stored in absolute ethanol and transported to the Regional Centre for Biotechnology and Bioresources Research (RCBBR), University of Port Harcourt, for molecular identification. Two parasites were isolated: an acanthocephalan, which could not be sequenced due to an inadequate amount of DNA (<0.2mol), and ascaridoid nematodes identified using the NCBI database as Baylisascaris transfuga (accession number PV400747; with 97.0% similarity). Prevalence of B. transfuga and the acanthocephalan in B. africanus was 2.0% and 3.3%, respectively. In P. papilio, the prevalence of B. transfuga was 2.4% to 17.9%, while the Acanthocephalan had a prevalence of 17.1%. The gobiids are accidental hosts for B. transfuga, whose definitive hosts are bears. The parasite might have been a subspecies infective to non-bear carnivores in Port Harcourt Zoo. Research gaps include the examination of the zoo animals for the presence of B. transfuga.
Anxiety, Depression and Mental Health Outcome Associated with Unintended Pregnancy in Prince Abubakar Audu University Community Anyigba
Unintended pregnancy is a major challenge in developing countries and it has various health risk outcomes. This study was conducted to determine the rate of depression, anxiety and mental stress that is associated with unintended pregnancy. This study employed a descriptive cross sectional design of about 155 women, the study was conducted in Prince Abubakar Audu University Anyigba, Kogi State. Data was collected by using structured questionnaires. The result shows that Unintended pregnancy is frequently tied to increase risks of depression, anxiety and mental stress for women with effects influenced by social, economic relational factors like increased number of children, complications in previous pregnancy, and concern about newborn care, previous social support from partners, stressful event during pregnancy, lack of medical care, increased financial responsibility and fear of death. In this study there is severity of mental stress, average depression and anxiety associated with unintended pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy is a significant risk factor for maternal depression, anxiety and mental stress, with effects shaped by social, economical and relational contexts. Intervention that promotes economic, partner and family support can mitigate adverse outcomes.
Malaria infection; Knowledge, Attitude and perception among inhabitants of Oluyole Local Government Area of Ibadan
Malaria remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, which accounts for 27% of global malaria cases and 32% of global malaria deaths in 2022. Despite intensified control efforts, the disease continues to impact communities such as Oluyole Local Government Area (LGA), Ibadan, where environmental and socio-economic factors favor persistent transmission. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of residents toward malaria infection to identify community-level gaps that may hinder effective control. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among inhabitants of Oluyole LGA using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that 85.0% of respondents correctly identified mosquito bites as the primary mode of transmission, while 72.0% recognized fever as a major symptom. However, 18.0% still associated malaria with incorrect causes such as exposure to sunlight or consumption of certain foods. Attitudes toward treatment were largely positive: 60.0% reported they would seek medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset, whereas 15.0% would delay treatment for more than three days. Trust in conventional medicine was high, with 75.0% expressing confidence in prescribed antimalarial drugs, compared with 25.0% who still preferred herbal remedies. Regarding preventive practices, 70.0% expressed favorable attitudes toward measures such as indoor residual spraying and mosquito coil use, although regular use of insecticide-treated nets remained suboptimal. The study demonstrates relatively high awareness and positive attitudes toward malaria prevention and treatment, though misconceptions and inconsistent preventive behaviors persist. Strengthening community-based sensitization, improving access to preventive tools, and addressing traditional treatment preferences will support Nigeria’s broader malaria elimination efforts.
Molecular Identification of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wound Infections of Patients Attending Government Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates are widely spread in both communities and hospitals, causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study aimed to identify vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolated from wound infections of patients attending Government hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 168 wound samples were collected from patients across three selected hospitals. Staphyloccus aureus was isolated from wounds swaps and subjected to antibiotic susceptible testing using agar disk diffusion method. The VRSA isolates were detected by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Seven coagulase-positive S. aureus strains were isolated, which occurred higher among patients from YDMH (50%) compared to 31.25% among patients from RGH and 18.75% in GAGH. Wounds of male patients had higher infection with S. aureus (68.75%) than those of females (31.25); whereas those between 20-50 years old had the highest wound infection (50.00%). The isolates exhibited high resistance against vancomycin (71.42%). Seven isolates (43.75%) were categorized as VRSA. Moreover, the MIC of the seven VRSA isolates were 8 μg/mL), with MBC ranging between 8-32 μg/mL with CFU ranging from 2.9-7.2×106, 1.7-3.7 ×106 and 1.7×106 CFU/mL respectively. The isolates housed vanA and vanB gene (474bp and 800bp respectively). Given the alarming rate of resistance among VRSA isolates, monitoring of antibiotic resistance should be performed. Although vancomycin remains a drug of choice for VRSA, our study suggests that its efficacy may be limited due to development of resistance.
Antifertility Effects of Ricinine-Enriched Extract of Ricinus communis in Female Wistar Rats
Traditional medicinal plants are widely used for fertility control because of the belief that they have fewer health risks than conventional hormonal contraceptives. Ricinus communis is one such plant whose seeds have been used for contraception. The alkaloid Ricinine, isolated from R. communis, has shown general antifertility properties, but detailed, dose-dependent effects on implantation and pregnancy maintenance have not been assessed. This study evaluated the antifertility effects of a Ricinine-enriched extract of R. communis in female Wistar rats using reproductive outcome, anti-implantation, and abortifacient models. Female rats (n = 20) were treated orally with RCN at 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg and cohabited with males to assess the fertility outcome. In separate experiments, additional pregnant rats (n = 25 per group) received RCN (100–400 mg/kg) from gestational days 1–7 (anti-implantation) and days 8–15 (abortifacient), with a positive control using 8 mg/kg Mifepristone. The number of implantation sites, live foetuses, and resorption sites was recorded. RCN treatment resulted in the complete absence of pregnancy at all doses in the fertility test. In the anti-implantation model, RCN produced a significant, dose-related reduction in implantation sites (p < 0.05). In the abortifacient model, treated animals showed a decrease in live foetuses and a significant increase in resorption sites, comparable to mifepristone. These data indicate that RCN exerts both anti-implantation and abortifacient effects in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, Ricinine-enriched of R. communis extract demonstrates potent antifertility activity in female rats, supporting its traditional use for contraceptive purposes.
Harnessing eDNA Methodologies for Enhanced Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soil: A Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a notable catholic threat to animal and human health, with agricultural soil avowed as a major source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). The significant impact of anthropoid activities on the soil resistome is well-documented; a knowledge gap persists regarding certain microbial communities that confer resistance, along with the most efficacious methods for their monitoring. This review addresses the disparaging need for advanced, culture-based techniques to monitor ARGs in agricultural landscapes. We bring forth a broad-based overview of the methodologies and bioinformatic pipelines for using environmental DNA (eDNA) and metagenomics to snoop AMR. eDNA-based approaches are underscored for their cost-effectiveness, enhanced sensitivity, and non-invasive nature for detecting a wider scope of ARGs, as well as those from non-viable cells and mobile genetic elements, which repeatedly go undetected by traditional techniques. We moot how high-throughput sequencing of eDNA, incorporated with metagenomic analysis, permits a circumstantial assessment of the soil resistome, revealing both known and novel ARGs. We traversed the potential of these methodologies to bring forth subtle insights into ARG dynamics. This review rules that adopting a standardized eDNA metagenomics approach is key for effecting comparable, reliable data, through strengthening our understanding of AMR transmission via the soil-microbe-plant linkages and informing an effective public health blueprint to combat the post-antibiotic era.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Balanite aegyptiaca Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract on Streptozotosin Induced Diabetic Rats
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Despite the availability of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, their high cost and adverse effects have encouraged the exploration of safer, plant-based alternatives. Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) is traditionally used to treat diabetes, but its scientific validation remains limited. This study evaluated the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Balanites aegyptiaca in streptozotsin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (60 mg/kg) followed by STZ (60 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated orally for two weeks with B. aegyptiaca extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver function, haematological parameters, and pancreatic histology were analysed using standard procedures. The extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and improved lipid profile by lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL while increasing HDL. Liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and bilirubin) were normalised, haematological indices improved, and histopathological examination showed partial regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. B. aegyptiaca aqueous fruit pulp extract exhibits antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and haematoprotective effects in diabetic rats, supporting its traditional use and highlighting its potential as a safe, affordable phytomedicine for diabetes management.