Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA (SAJOLS) is an Open Access Journal hosted by the Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. Currently, it publishes peer-reviewed open access journals online and in print, covering a diverse range of academic disciplines within (but not limited to) Life Sciences and allied fields. By offering its publications in Open Access, SAJOLS seeks to provide for the global academic community and facilitates the advancement and application of science.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Herbicide-Contaminated Soils in Dutsin-Ma Katsina State Nigeria: A Hotbed of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Agricultural intensification in Nigeria has led to increased herbicide usage, raising concerns over environmental contamination and its potential ecological effects. This study investigated the microbiological and physicochemical properties of herbicide-contaminated soils in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria, and assessed the antibiotic resistance profiles of the indigenous bacterial isolates. Soil samples were collected from agricultural sites with a documented history of glyphosate or Agri-Force herbicide application. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacterial species. The isolates were characterized morphologically and biochemically, and their antimicrobial susceptibility to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin), and sulfamethoxazole was determined using agar disk diffusion technique. The soils samples exhibited a near-neutral to slightly alkaline pH (6.5–8.3). Bacterial growth was prolific (91.7% of the samples), with counts ranging from 1.60 × 10⁵ to 3.81 × 10⁵ CFU/g. Five genera were identified: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Actinomyces, Streptomyces, and Escherichia coli. A high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was observed, with 95.65% and 75% of the isolates from the two sample sources being resistant to all four antibiotic classes tested. A uniform TET-CIP-AUG-SUL resistance pattern was observed among the MDR isolates. Herbicide-contaminated soils in Dutsin-Ma host robust bacterial communities adapted to herbicide stress. The exceptionally high level of multidrug resistance among these environmental isolates suggests a strong link between herbicide pollution and the co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes. This finding underscores a significant public health and ecological concern, highlighting the urgent need for prudent agrochemical management and further research on the genetic mechanisms underlying this resistance.
Ayodele Timilehin Ayodele Timilehin Adesoji
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA
Assessment of the Effect of Thermal and High-pressure Processing on the Proximate Composition of Trichosanthe lobata
This study assessed the impact of thermal and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the proximate composition of Trichosanthes lobata. Fruits were collected from Kujama, Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, and authenticated at the Herbarium of the Botany Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Proximate composition was determined using AOAC (2005) methods. Thermal processing at 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C significantly (P≤0.05) reduced moisture content, with samples at 90°C and 100°C showing no significant difference but lower values than 80°C. Crude protein declined across all thermally treated groups, lowest at 100°C. Fat and ash contents decreased insignificantly, while crude fiber reduced significantly. Carbohydrate content increased at 80°C and 90°C but declined slightly at 100°C, though not significantly different from the control. HPP at 250, 300, and 350 MPa also reduced moisture significantly, with 300 MPa yielding the highest reduction. Protein content remained unchanged at 250 MPa, declined slightly at 300 MPa, and increased at 350 MPa, though variations were not significant. Fat increased slightly at 250 and 300 MPa but decreased at 350 MPa. Ash declined insignificantly across HPP groups, while crude fiber reduced significantly. Carbohydrate content showed a notable increase under HPP. Overall, thermal processing caused greater nutrient losses, particularly in protein and fiber, whereas HPP preserved protein integrity and enhanced carbohydrates. The study highlights the comparative advantages of HPP over thermal methods in retaining the nutritional quality of T. lobata, offering useful insights for optimizing processing techniques.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations and the Pollution Level in Dust Samples around the Vicinity of Motor Parks in the Kaduna Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria
This study assessed the pollution status of environmentally relevant heavy metals cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr), in surface dust collected from four major motor parks in Kaduna, Nigeria: Kawo, Mando, Sabon Tasha, and Command Junction motor parks. Composite dust samples were randomly collected from three points, spaced 10 meters apart within each motor park, as well as from a control site, on a weekly basis over an eight-week period. The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The average concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr in the motor park dust samples were 0.05 ± 0.001, 0.63 ± 0.31, 3.13 ± 0.02, and 4.17 ± 1.17, respectively, compared to control site values of 0.12 ± 0.01, 0.63 ± 0.30, 1.13 ± 0.02, and 1.80 ± 0.79. When compared with the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), all measured levels were within acceptable limits. Pollution indices, including the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo), were used to evaluate the extent of contamination. The results indicated varying degrees of contamination, with some metals showing signs of moderate pollution, likely attributable to both anthropogenic activities and natural weathering processes. Overall, while heavy metal levels remain below regulatory thresholds, the study underscores the need for continuous environmental monitoring and enhanced pollution control strategies in and around Kaduna motor parks.
In Vitro Evaluation of Alpha-Amylase Inhibition and Anti-Glycation Activities of Aloe barbadensis Miller Aqueous Extract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is largely driven by the rapid enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates by alpha-amylase, while non-enzymatic protein glycation leads to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that accelerate diabetic complications. This study investigated the in vitro antidiabetic potential of Aloe barbadensis Miller aqueous extract. The extract was tested for its ability to inhibit alpha-amylase and non-enzymatic haemoglobin glycation. Alpha-amylase inhibition was measured at 0.02-0.08 mg/mL using metformin as the standard, while anti-glycation activity was assessed over the same concentration range using gallic acid as a positive control. Absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically, and percentage inhibition and IC₅₀ values were determined. The extract inhibited alpha-amylase in a concentration-dependent manner, showing 75.53% inhibition at 0.02 mg/mL and 53.67% at 0.08 mg/mL, with an IC₅₀ of 36.59 mg/mL. Metformin produced 87.18% inhibition at 0.02 mg/mL with an IC₅₀ of 0.10 mg/mL. The extract also reduced haemoglobin glycation, producing 51.77% inhibition at 0.02 mg/mL and 41.77% at 0.08 mg/mL, with an IC₅₀ of 0.033 mg/mL, compared to gallic acid’s 36.35% inhibition and 0.0035 mg/mL IC₅₀. Aloe barbadensis aqueous extract exhibited moderate alpha-amylase and anti-glycation activities, supporting its potential as a natural antidiabetic agent. Further studies are needed to isolate its bioactive compounds and confirm their efficacy in vivo.
Distribution, Ownership and Utilization of Insecticide Treated Mosquito Net in Relation to Malaria Prevention among Pregnant Women in Irepodun Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria
The study evaluated the distribution, ownership, and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets in order to reduce malaria among pregnant women in Irepodun Local Government Area, Osun State. Malaria in pregnant women poses a significant risk to both mother and foetus, making prevention crucial. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets are a proven intervention, but their distribution, ownership, and use among pregnant women remain a challenge. A cross-sectional study was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to 150 pregnant women from three different primary health care centres within the study area. The cluster sampling technique was used to select a sub-sample from the three communities. Results showed that 82% of respondents owned ITNs from government and health campaigns, while 65% regularly used it, particularly among pregnant women who experienced their first pregnancy. There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.73; p=0.0001) between ownership and utilization of ITNs among the pregnant women sampled in the study area. The findings showed an increase in ITN ownership and utilization among pregnant women, particularly among women who experience their first pregnancy. However, addressing socioeconomic disparities, improving distribution strategies, and promoting consistent utilization will improve ITNs' coverage and reduce malaria in pregnancy.
Concurrent Hepatic and Pulmonary Fasciolosis in a White Fulani Cow: A Case Report Highlighting Food Safety and Economic Implications
Fasciolosis, caused by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, remains a globally significant parasitic disease of ruminants, with annual economic losses exceeding US$3.2 billion due to decreased productivity and organ condemnation. We report a rare case of concurrent hepatic and pulmonary fasciolosis in a 400 kg White Fulani cow that resulted in condemnation of both the liver and lungs at postmortem inspection. Clinically, the animal presented with respiratory distress, jaundice, dehydration, weight loss, and emaciation. Fecal examination revealed operculated Fasciola eggs, while necropsy demonstrated severe hepatic fibrosis, necrotic tracts, pipe-stem lesions, and adult flukes, alongside pulmonary congestion, necrotic foci, and adhesions consistent with ectopic migration. This case emphasizes the parasitological and pathological significance of fasciolosis, its contribution to economic losses in the cattle industry, and the zoonotic risk to humans. The report highlights the necessity of integrated control strategies, including regular anthelmintic treatment, improved animal husbandry, snail control, and strengthened abattoir surveillance to safeguard both livestock health and food safety.
Field-Based Analysis of Sodalis glossinidius -Trypanosome Co-infection in Wild Tsetse Flies from Kagarko and Ijah Gwari, Nigeria
This study investigated Sodalis glossinidius-trypanosome interactions in wild tsetse populations from Nigeria using morphological and molecular approaches. Analysis of 1,611 flies revealed Glossina palpalis palpalis as dominant (81.6%), with higher wet-season abundance. Trypanosome infections peaked in wet seasons, notably Trypanosoma vivax (36.7–47.4%) and T. brucei (19.3–30.6%). qPCR demonstrated significantly lower Ct values in Sodalis-positive flies (mean Ct = 22.1) Sodalis- negatives (Ct = 28.6, p < 0.0001), corresponding to a 66-fold higher trypanosome load (4.2 × 10⁵ vs. 6.3 × 10³ copies/µL). Melting curve analysis confirmed specificity, with Sodalis-positives showing sharp peaks at 85°C versus broader peaks (87°C) in negatives. Sodalis prevalence was significantly higher in wet seasons (OR > 2.0), and coinfection analysis revealed strong Sodalis-T. brucei association in G. palpalis (53.1%, OR = 1.23, p = 0.021), contrasting with an inverse Sodalis T. congolense savannah relationship (OR = 0.76). Site-specific variations underscored ecological influences on these interactions. The tight clustering of Ct values and distinct melting profiles in Sodalis-positive flies suggests symbiont-mediated facilitation of trypanosome proliferation, likely through immune modulation. These findings provide field evidence that Sodalis enhances trypanosome transmission potential in tsetse populations. The qPCR and melting curve data validate the robustness of these associations, highlighting Sodalis as a key target for innovative disease control strategies.
Phytochemical Profiling and Toxicological Assessment of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Pavetta crassipes in Wistar Rats
Toxicity studies are essential for assessing the safety of medicinal herbs. This study evaluates the phytochemical profile and toxicological assessment of ethanolic leaf extract of Pavetta crassipes in Wistar rats. Standard methods revealed the presence of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids. Acute and sub-acute toxicity was assessed via oral administration of varying extract doses. During a 14-day acute toxicity trial, no mortality or observable toxicity was noted at doses of 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg/kg, indicating a median lethal dose (LD50) > 2500 mg/kg. In 28-day sub-acute tests, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in body weight, relative organ weight, or in biochemical and haematological parameters compared to controls. Notably, increased extract concentrations were associated with decreased creatinine and increased granulocyte levels. These findings suggest the ethanol leaf extract is likely safe for oral use; however, further research is required to identify optimal concentrations for potential therapeutic applications in humans.
Application of Diagnostic Veterinary Parasitology in the Management of Canine Helminthiasis: A Case Study from Depot Nigerian Army Veterinary Clinic, Zaria, Nigeria
Gastrointestinal helminthic infections remain a major health concern in companion animals, with significant implications for animal welfare and zoonotic transmission. Accurate diagnosis through veterinary parasitology plays a critical role in the effective management and control of these infections. This report presents a case of mixed gastrointestinal helminthiasis in a dog, emphasizing diagnostic approaches, therapeutic management, and public health relevance. A two-year-old male Alsatian dog was presented to the Depot Nigeria Army Veterinary Clinic, Zaria, Nigeria, with diarrhoea, weight loss, and lethargy. Clinical examination revealed poor body condition and mild dehydration. Parasitological diagnosis using the faecal flotation technique revealed a mixed infection with Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. The dog was treated with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for three consecutive days) alongside supportive rehydration therapy. Clinical recovery was observed within one week, with restoration of appetite and stool consistency. The successful management of this case reinforces the significance of accurate parasitological diagnosis, evidence-based anthelmintic therapy, and preventive strategies in controlling canine helminthic infections. Hence, there is a need to strengthen diagnostic capacity in veterinary clinics and promote One Health collaboration so as to contribute to improving animal health and reducing zoonotic risk in Nigeria.
Detection and Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Selected Edible and Non-Edible Plants from Irrigated Sites in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Heavy metal contamination in irrigated sites poses significant risks to human health and environment. The most persistent challenges are heavy metal pollution from untreated industrial effluents discharged into rivers and irrigation channels accumulates in soils and are readily transferred into crops through irrigation and root uptake. The study investigates the potential of heavy metal contamination in soils and irrigation waters across a rural-to-industrial gradient and evaluates metal uptake/partitioning in a native shrub (Dodonaea viscosa) and tomato in Kano. Laboratory analysis was carried out and CSV/Excel datasets were used to compute location-level indices (Contamination factor, Pollution Load Index, Bio concentration and Translocation factors), descriptive statistics, and between-site contrasts. Results of the findings showed the mean soil pollution load index (PLI) was highest (±8.15) at Challawa (severe multi-metal burden) and declined (±2.57) along the spatial gradient toward Dambatta and the control (±0.96). Tomato fruits from contaminated farms contained markedly elevated Lead (Pb) (2.3mg/kg) and modestly higher Cadmium (Cd) (0.6mg/kg) compared with the control (0.1mg/kg); D. viscosa preferentially retained Pb and Chromium (Cr) in roots with Pb and Cr showing low translocation (TF < 0.6), indicating retention within roots, while Zn, Cu, and Ni exhibited higher mobility (TF ≈ 0.7–0.8), and suggesting moderate phytoextraction capability Findings of the investigations had established a substantial heavy-metal pressure on wastewater-irrigated agriculture around Challawa. The shrub D. viscosa shows phytostabilization traits for Pb/Cr and moderate phytoaccumulation for Zn/Cu/Ni; however, food-crop safety is compromised, under- scoring the need for effluent control and phytoremediation.
Physical Properties, Chemical Composition and Anti-nutritional Factors Analysis of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) for Animal Production
The study determined the physical properties, chemical composition, and the anti-nutritional factors of hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus). The seed weight was determined using an automated weighing scale. The length and width of the leaf and seed were determined using a Vanier caliper and a flexible measuring tape. The chemical compositions were determined according to the standard procedures detailed by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. It was observed that the seed was creamy white in color, while the leaves were green. The average seed weight was 0.25±0.12g, and the seed length and width were 1.06±0.33 cm and 0.76±0.12 cm. The leaves' length and width were 3.2-4.5 inches and 3-5 inches, respectively. It was observed that the seeds and the leaves contain protein value of 32-38% and 14.2-18.6%, carbohydrate 52.7-62.5% and 40.6-44.0%, and crude fibre 10-13% and 7.5-9.8% respectively, while the seeds contain 384.63 kcal/100 grams of energy. However, hyacinth bean seeds contain anti-nutritional factors such as tannins (91.78 mg/100g), phytates (3.94 mg/100g), oxalate (0.02 mg/100g), nitrate (86.84 mg/100g), and cyanide (103.97 mg/100g). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the seeds and leaves contain high amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and other nutrients, which have the potential to meet the nutritional requirements of animals. The seeds also contained some anti-nutritional factors, which impart negative effects on digestion and performance in farm animals. Therefore, there is a need to process the hyacinth bean seeds in order to reduce the anti-nutritional factors, without altering the quality of the bean.
Assessment of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 Contamination in Cattle Carcasses, Workers, Equipment and Contact Surfaces of Unguwa-uku Abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria
Unguwa-Uku abattoir is one of the major meat suppliers in Kano city and environs. Despite its capacity and importance in meat production and processing, most of the procedures are conducted under poor hygienic conditions, which may render the environment a potential source of pathogenic microorganisms. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 in slaughtered cattle and environmental samples at the Unguwa-Uku abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 80 samples, including carcass swabs, caecal contents, and contact surfaces, were collected and analysed using standard microbiological and biochemical methods, such as Indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate tests. Results showed that 25% of the samples were positive for E. coli, while E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 8.75% of samples. The highest contamination was observed in caecal contents and cutting boards. Although E. coli O157:H7 was detected across multiple sample types, the association between sample type and prevalence was not statistically significant (P = 0.482). These findings highlighted potential hygiene risks in the abattoir environment and underscore the need for improved slaughterhouse sanitation and food safety practices.
Serum Cortisol Concentration Following Physical and Chemical Restrained during Ultrasonography in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs (NIDs)
Restraint is the inhibition of an animal’s free movement by moral persuasion, physical force and or administration of drugs, which is generally performed for examination, collection of samples, drug administration, manipulation or surgical intervention. In order to determine the effects of physical and chemical restraint on haematological parameters in Nigerian indigenous dogs (NIDs), the experiment was conducted in 2 stages. The dogs were divided into two equal groups consisting of ten males and ten females. After physical restraint using a muzzler, each group member was subjected to blood sample collection for haematological analyses. While in stage 2 the dogs were divided into two equal groups consisting of ten males and ten females. The male groups were subdivided into two groups of five. The first group received acepromazine while the second group received xylazine. Animals in the female group were also subdivided into two groups. The first group received acepromazine while the second group received xylazine. Blood samples (5ml) were collected for haematological analyses (serum cortisol concentration) using an ELISA kit. The serum cortisol concentrations between male (146.58±125.02) and female (247.93±74.57) NIDs differ significantly (P < 0.05) at the control. This study shows that physical restraint in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs has minimal effects on the serum cortisol concentration, while acepromazine and xylazine ameliorate the level of serum cortisol concentration in NIDs. This may be altered by stress events in dogs, such as capture and handling. There was an increase in the level of cortisol in females due to higher emotional responsivity.
Fungicidal Effects of Neem Plant Parts Extracts Against Two Phytopathogenic Fungi Responsible for Leaf Spot of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) in Donga, Taraba State, Nigeria
Fungicidal effects of aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica plant parts (leaves, bark and roots) were determined on fungi that cause leaf spot of okra in Donga. In the study, the phytopathogenic fungi were isolated from infected okra leaves and identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics, namely: Cercospora abelmoschi and Cercospora malayensis, as confirmed by pathogenicity test using Koch’s postulate. Different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 % w/v) of aqueous extracts of the leaves, bark and roots were separately added to growth media prior to inoculation (poisoned food method). All aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica plant parts significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mycelia growth of the fungal pathogens and these effects gradually increased with increasing concentration. The highest inhibition was at 100% concentration, while the lowest inhibition percentage was observed at 25% concentration for each of the extracts. Statistically, there was a significant difference in the inhibition of radial growth in all the fungal isolates at all concentrations compared to the control. However, aqueous extracts of neem leaves were more effective on Cercospora abelmoschi with a higher inhibition percentage of 83.00% at 100% concentration, while aqueous neem root extracts had the lowest inhibition percentage of 25.13% at a concentration of 25% against Cercospora malayensis. It could be emphatically concluded that aqueous extracts of neem plant parts can effectively control fungal disease of okra leaves. This makes them potential biocides in disease control in that they are available, cheap, and safe.
Outbreak of Newcastle Disease Complicated by Secondary Bacterial Infections in a Flock of 9-Week-Old Cockerels: A Case Report
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting all poultry species, causing significant economic losses globally. This report describes an outbreak of ND in a flock of 930 nine-week-old cockerels reared under a deep litter system in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The outbreak was characterized by high morbidity and mortality despite prior vaccination with the LaSota strain. Affected birds exhibited severe diarrhea, anorexia, weakness, and respiratory distress. Six dead and three moribund birds were presented to the Poultry Unit of the Senator Ali Modu Sheriff Ultra-Modern Veterinary Hospital for investigation. Post-mortem examination revealed classical lesions consistent with velogenic viscerotropic ND, including tracheal and intestinal hemorrhages, cyanosis of the comb, and hepatic necrosis. Laboratory confirmation was achieved through Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), which identified Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as the causative agent. Management interventions included antimicrobial therapy (Doxy-Gen 20/20) to combat secondary bacterial infections, electrolyte and energy supplementation (Vitalyte + Dextrose), immune modulation with Nigella sativa, and stringent biosecurity measures. This case emphasizes the need for enhanced vaccination strategies and strict biosecurity enforcement. This report stresses the significance of ND outbreaks in poultry production systems and the necessity for proactive disease surveillance and control measures. Timely diagnosis and coordinated response remain essential to mitigate the recurrent economic and health impact of ND in poultry production systems.
Microbial Diversity and Physicochemical Properties of Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is an invasive aquatic weed that grows rapidly and has a high lignocellulosic content. The plant has negative ecological effects but can also provide a habitat for microorganisms and serve as a potential substrate for biotechnological use. This study examined the microbial diversity and physicochemical characteristics of E. crassipes obtained from Sabongarin Takanebu in Miga Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The samples were air-dried, ground, sieved, and analysed using standard physicochemical and microbiological methods. Results showed that the plant had a pH of 5.66 ± 0.01, temperature of 38 ± 0.3 °C, and moisture content of 5.71 ± 0.03%. Organic carbon was high (49.56%), while nitrogen content was low (0.30 ± 0.42%), giving a wide C/N ratio of 55.13. Ash content was 2014.92 mg/kg. Major nutrients recorded included potassium (1234.13 ± 0.37 mg/kg), sodium (237.41 mg/kg), calcium (7115.66 ± 0.01 mg/kg), and magnesium (2945.39 ± 0.38 mg/kg). Trace elements such as copper (2.47 ± 0.01 mg/kg) and lead (18.03 ± 0.56 mg/kg) were also present. Microbial counts showed 6.8 × 10⁵ cfu/g for bacteria and 3.0 × 10³ cfu/g for fungi. Eleven bacterial species were identified, among them Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Azotobacter sp., and Bacillus sp. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternate, Rhizopus sp., and Paecilomyces sp. The study indicates that E. crassipes supports diverse microbial populations and contains valuable nutrients, suggesting its potential for use in microbial and biotechnological studies.
Occurrence and Distribution of Escherichia coli in Water Sources within Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria
Escherichia coli poses a serious public health risk, especially in areas where water supplies are vulnerable to faecal pollution. This research work was designed to determine the occurrence of E. coli in water supplies and assess the potability of water in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, including hitherto uncharted territories. A total of seventy (70) water samples were aseptically collected in sterilized containers from wash boreholes and surface water reservoirs. Ten samples each were collected from seven wards within the Maiduguri metropolis using simple random sampling. The wards were Bolori, Bulabulin, Gwange I, Gwange III, Hausari, Mafoni, and Shehuri. The water samples were collected in sterile sample bottles, placed in an ice container, and transported immediately for analysis at the Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri. The result of this study revealed that wash boreholes have a higher mean colony-forming unit/millilitre (13.32) of E. coli than surface water reservoirs (10.12). However, the water sources do not differ significantly from each other (p=0.914). Of the seven wards (localities) from which samples were obtained, Hausari had the highest mean colony-forming unit (15.50), while the lowest colony-forming unit was obtained from Bulabulin (11.60). However, the locations did not differ significantly from one another (p=0.321). Therefore, the government water treatment plant and households should implement stricter safeguards to prevent the spread of E. coli in water.
Evaluation of the Anthelmintic Effects of Leaf and Seed Extracts of Carica papaya in Mice Infected with Roundworm (Heligmosomoides bakeri)
The increasing resistance of helminths to conventional anthelmintic drugs necessitates the search for safer, natural alternatives. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy and safety of leaf and seed extracts of Carica papaya in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides bakeri. Fresh leaves and seeds were collected, authenticated, and extracted using ethanol. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids (24.12 ± 0.20 mg/100 g in leaves; 16.64 ± 0.12 mg/100 g in seeds), saponins (5.74 ± 0.13 and 3.89 ± 0.07 mg/100 g), flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Acute toxicity (LD₅₀) exceeded 5000 mg/kg, indicating a high safety margin. Infected mice were treated with 800 mg/kg of leaf extract, 800 mg/kg of seed extract, 400 mg/kg of combined extract, or 50 mg/kg of albendazole. Haematological indices remained stable (RBC: 6.49–7.01 × 10⁶/mm³; Hb: 14.00–15.47 g/dl), with no significant alterations in liver (AST: 41–43 U/L; ALT: 34–36 U/L) or renal parameters (urea: 18.69–19.66 mg/dl; creatinine: 0.76–0.79 mg/dl). Treatment with C. papaya extracts significantly reduced worm load compared to control, with the combined extract (400 mg/kg) achieving the greatest reduction (from 129.67 ± 3.52 to 100.00 ± 3.00 by day 12), while albendazole cleared the infection completely. These findings demonstrate that C. papaya leaf and seed extracts possess potent anthelmintic activity, likely due to their rich phytochemical composition, and are safe for use without adverse haematological, hepatic, or renal effects. The study supports the potential of C. papaya as a viable natural alternative for helminth control and an effective complement to synthetic anthelmintics.
Outbreak Investigation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Broiler Colibacillosis: A Case Report
On July 23, 2025, a sudden outbreak characterized by respiratory distress, diarrhea, and increased mortality occurred in a four-week-old broiler flock at the University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH). The study aimed to determine the cause, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and effective control measures for the outbreak. Comprehensive diagnostic procedures were conducted, including clinical assessment, postmortem examination, bacteriological culture, serology, parasitology, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Blood, cloacal swabs, and tissue samples (liver, heart, spleen) were collected from affected and dead birds. Isolates were serotyped at the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom. Pure colonies of Escherichia coli exhibiting a metallic green sheen were isolated on Eosin Methylene Blue agar. Lesions consistent with colibacillosis, airsacculitis, fibrinous pericarditis (“bread and butter” appearance), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and pulmonary congestion were observed. Parasitological screening detected minimal coccidial oocysts and no helminths, while serology was negative for Infectious Bursal Disease and positive for protective Newcastle Disease titres, excluding major viral and parasitic co-infections. The isolates showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Serotyping confirmed avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) serotypes O78, O2, and O1. Prompt diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy effectively contained the outbreak. The findings highlight the significance of early laboratory investigation, strict biosecurity, and rational antimicrobial use to manage colibacillosis and limit the spread of resistant E. coli strains in poultry farms.
Indigenous Knowledge and Perceptions of Rice Blast Disease Prevalence and Management among Smallholder Farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria
Rice blast disease, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, remains a major constraint to rice production, particularly among smallholder farmers that depend on traditional management practices. This study assessed indigenous knowledge and perceptions of rice blast incidence and management among smallholder farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria, through field surveys and structured questionnaires. Farmers widely recognized rice blast as a serious yield constraint, identifying its characteristic leaf lesions and seasonal occurrence. Disease incidence and severity at the study areas were high during the rainy season, reaching 66.0 % and 35.0 % in Gelengu, 60.0 % and 29.0 % in Malleri, and 58.0% and 30.0 % in Dadin Kowa, respectively. Chemical application was the predominant control method, used by 76 % of farmers in Dadin Kowa, 74 % in Malleri, and 64 % in Gelengu, while adoption of resistant varieties was comparatively low (8–14 %). Most farmers relied on fellow farmers for advice (60 % in Dadin Kowa, 42 % in Malleri, and 36 % in Gelengu), with limited engagement with extension agents and formal training. Perceptions of disease severity were influenced by experience, local knowledge exchange, and access to information. The study highlights the need to integrate indigenous knowledge with modern, eco-friendly management practices and strengthen participatory extension systems to achieve sustainable rice blast control and improved productivity in Gombe State.
Effects of Fermentation Time and pH on Physicochemical Parameters of Wine Must Produced from Hot Water Extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel Leaf using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The effects of fermentation time (Day 1 to Day 14) and pH (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5), on wine must physicochemical characteristics made by using hot water extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel leaf using Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Yeast nutrient (Diazanium sulphate and magnesium salt) was added to the mixture and granulated sugar (sucrose) was used as the fermentation substrate. pH was measured with a pHep pocket-sized pH meter, using a portable refractometer, the total soluble solid (°Brix) was determined, and the amount of alcohol was determined using the potential alcohol difference approach. Results show that the alcohol content increased progressively and remained constant from day 6 (0.474 ± 0.000%) till day 14. Total soluble solids decreased, while from day 1 to day 14 of the must's fermentation, the pH increased and decreased. Similarly, the highest amount of alcohol (2.400 ± 0.000%) was produced at pH 5.5, while the lowest (0.592 ± 0.000%) was at pH 6.5 and pH 7.5. The study shows that the highest percentage of alcohols was obtained at pH 5.5 and at day 6 of fermentation. For the organism to produce the highest amount of alcohol, the fermentation period and pH of the fermenting media must be adjusted appropriately.
Gastrointestinal Parasitism and Co-infection Patterns in Quarantined Olive Baboons at the Kenya Institute of Primate Research – Retrospective Analysis (2012–2013)
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism remains a major health and welfare concern among captive and quarantined non-human primates (NHPs). This retrospective study assessed the prevalence and patterns of GI parasites among quarantined olive baboons (Papio anubis) received between 2012 and 2013 at the Kenya Institute of Primate Research (KIPRE), Nairobi, Kenya. Faecal examination records from both cohorts were reviewed to determine infection prevalence, parasite diversity, co-infection patterns, and associations with host factors (sex, age, and body weight). Results revealed an overall infection prevalence of 98% in the 2012 cohort and 99% in 2013, with protozoan infections predominating (96.0% and 97.2%, respectively). The most frequently detected protozoa were Entamoeba spp. and Balantidium coli, while strongyles were the dominant helminths. Co-infections were common, affecting over 97% of infected baboons, with triple and quadruple infections accounting for 40% and 25–30% of cases, respectively. No significant associations were found between infection status and sex, age, or weight, suggesting uniform exposure across host groups. The 2013 cohort exhibited a lower helminth prevalence compared to 2012, possibly indicating improvements in quarantine management practices. These findings highlight the persistent challenge of GI parasitism, particularly protozoan infections, in quarantined baboons and underscore the need for targeted parasite control strategies, improved environmental hygiene, and comprehensive health monitoring to enhance animal welfare and reduce zoonotic risks.
Gastrointestinal Parasitism and Host Condition in Captive Olive Baboons at the Kenya Institute of Primate Research – Prospective Assessment
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections remain a significant health concern in non-human primates, with implications for host fitness, welfare, and zoonotic disease transmission. This study investigated the prevalence, composition, and effects of GI parasites on body weight in a captive colony of Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) at the Kenya Institute of Primate Research (KIPRE). Faecal samples from 52 subjects (11 males and 41 females) were examined using standard parasitological techniques. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections was 78.8%, with protozoan infections predominating. Identified parasites included Balantidium spp. (21.2%), Entamoeba spp. (11.5%), and Trichuris trichiura (3.8%), with frequent mixed infections: Balantidium spp. + Entamoeba spp. (32.7%), Balantidium spp. + T. trichiura (3.8%), and Balantidium spp. + Entamoeba spp. + T. trichiura (5.8%). No significant associations were found between infection status and host sex (p = 1.000), age (p = 1.000), or body weight (p = 0.5306). Mean body weights did not differ significantly between infected (15.50 ± 4.79 kg) and non-infected (14.46 ± 4.95 kg) baboons, nor between single (16.10 ± 5.06 kg) and multiple (14.98 ± 4.60 kg) infections. The high infection prevalence indicates constant exposure within the colony; yet stable host condition suggests subclinical infections moderated by adequate care. Continuous monitoring and hygiene management are recommended to sustain primate welfare.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Methicilin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cloaca and Stool Samples of Poultry Birds in Selected Farms in Malete, Kwara State
The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in animals, especially poultry, represents a serious public health concern due to the possibility of zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and occurrence of S. aureus and MRSA that were isolated from the cloaca and faeces of chickens in a medium sized commercial farm in Malete in Kwara State. A total of 74 cloacal and stool samples were collected from layer and broiler birds across three medium-sized farms. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against a panel of ten antibiotics. Methicillin resistance was phenotypically confirmed using cefoxitin (30µg) disk screen. The prevalence of S. aureus was 85.1% (63/74). Of these isolates, 28.6% (18/63) were confirmed as MRSA. The antibiotic susceptibility profile revealed high levels of multidrug resistance. The highest resistance rates were observed against cefuroxime (84.1%), cefotaxime (82.5%), and meropenem (76.2%). In contrast, the lowest resistance was noted against ofloxacin (6.4%) and augmentin (11.1%). Chi-square analysis indicated p < 0.05 between the isolation of S. aureus and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. This study demonstrates a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and MRSA in poultry from the study area. The findings highlight a critical reservoir of antimicrobial resistance and suggest that ofloxacin may be a more effective therapeutic option in this context, though its use should be controlled to prevent emergence of resistance.
Protective Effects of Aqueous (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Extract on Ethanol-Induced Renal Damage in Wistar Rats
This study investigates the nephroprotective effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract against ethanol-induced renal damage in Wistar rats. Fifteen rats were divided into three groups (n = 5): Group I received distilled water (control), Group II received 50% ethanol (1 ml/kg), and Group III received 50% ethanol (1 ml/kg) plus aqueous neem leaf extract (164.5 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for seven days. Renal function was assessed using biochemical markers and histological analysis. Ethanol exposure produced significant renal impairment, characterised by elevated serum urea and electrolyte imbalance, as well as structural disorganisation of kidney tissues. Co-treatment with neem leaf extract preserved renal histoarchitecture and improved biochemical indices, indicating a protective role against ethanol-induced toxicity. These findings highlight the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of Azadirachta indica leaf extract and support its potential as a natural therapeutic agent in mitigating ethanol-related renal injury.
Impact of Soils Contaminated by Automobile Servicing Waste on Seed Germination and Seedling Development in Lokoja, Kogi State
Soil contamination from automobile servicing activities is a persistent environmental problem in many Nigerian cities, yet its implications for soil quality and early crop establishment remain poorly understood. This study assessed the physicochemical properties, heavy metal levels and their effects on seed germination and seedling development in soils collected from automobile mechanic workshops in Lokoja, Kogi State. Composite soil samples were analysed using standard laboratory procedures and maize, beans and tomato seeds were tested in germination assays. Data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD test and Pearson correlation analysis. Contaminated soils showed significantly elevated pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared with controls (p < 0.05). Heavy metals, particularly Pb (85 ± 3.0 mg/kg) and Cd (3.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg) exceeded FAO/WHO limits. Germination percentage, seedling vigour, radicle length and plumule length were markedly reduced in contaminated soils, with tomato showing the highest sensitivity. Strong positive correlations were observed among all metals (r = 0.84–0.95), while growth parameters were strongly negatively correlated with metal concentrations (–0.70 to –0.88). This study further emphasizes that automobile-servicing waste severely degrades soil quality and suppresses early plant development. It recommends improved workshop waste management, routine soil monitoring and the application of phytoremediation or bioremediation techniques to restore contaminated sites.
Urinary Schistosomiasis and Malaria -Associated Anaemia among Children in Dogo Community, Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State
Urinary Schistosomiasis and malaria remain endemic in rural Nigerian communities, contributing significantly to the burden of anaemia among children. Despite control efforts, persistent co-infection and their impact on child health require localized investigation to inform effective interventions. This study investigates the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis, malaria, their co-infection, and the relationship with anaemia among children aged 5–15 years in Dogo Community, Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State. One hundred children (47 males, 53 females) were randomly selected and screened. Urinary schistosomiasis was diagnosed via urine filtration microscopy detecting Schistosoma haematobium eggs, while malaria was identified through Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears targeting Plasmodium falciparum. Haemoglobin concentration was measured to assess anaemia status. Results reveal that 25% of participants tested positive for malaria, with females constituting 68%. Urinary schistosomiasis prevalence was 22%, predominantly among males (68.2%). Co-infection was detected in 5% of children, all males, who exhibited anaemia defined by haemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL. Notably, 37% of uninfected children maintained normal haemoglobin values, whereas the remainder had subnormal levels. Chi-square revealed a significant association between infection status and anaemia at 5% level of significance. These findings indicate that urinary schistosomiasis and malaria are significant contributors to anaemia and remain significant public health problems in the study area, with distinct gender disparities. The burden of co-infection and its link to anaemia underscore the urgent need for integrated control measures through mass drug administration, health education, and improved sanitation, to reduce the prevalence and impact of these diseases.
Retrospective Study on the Prevalence and Seasonal Patterns of Bovine Tuberculosis in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused primarily by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a significant zoonotic and economic concern in Nigeria. This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed post-mortem records of 20,144 cattle slaughtered across four major municipal abattoirs, Dei-Dei, Gwagwalada, Kubwa, and Karu in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, between January 2022 and December 2024. Data stratified by season, sex, age, and body condition score (BCS) were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Odds ratios at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Of the 20,144 cattle slaughtered across the abattoirs, 1,711 had tuberculosis-like lesions, yielding an overall prevalence of 8.49% (95% CI: 8.11–8.88). Abattoir-specific prevalence varied markedly, with cattle slaughtered at Karu abattoir recording the highest tuberculosis burden (21.60%), while those slaughtered at Kubwa had the lowest (0.43%). Seasonal analysis revealed significantly higher prevalence in the dry season (13.55%) than in the rainy season (1.81%) (χ²=875.6; p<0.0001; OR=0.12). Adult cattle and females exhibited increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, with prevalence rates of 11.76% and 11.47%, respectively, compared to 2.64% in young and 5.00% in male cattle (p<0.0001). Poor body condition was also associated with higher prevalence of infection (p<0.0001). Anatomical distribution of lesions indicated a strong respiratory predilection, predominantly affecting the lungs (43.37%), mediastinal lymph nodes (26.77%), and bronchial lymph nodes (20.51%), with limited extrapulmonary involvement. These findings highlight pronounced spatial, seasonal, and host-related variations in bTB occurrence among cattle slaughtered within FCT abattoirs and underscore the need for targeted surveillance and control strategies, particularly during the dry season and among high-risk subpopulations.
Development and Validation of Fertility Index for Turkey Toms Based on Semen Parameters from Nigerian Local Turkey
Fertility assessment in turkey toms is important for optimizing reproductive efficiency, especially in commercial breeding programs. To optimize reproductive efficiency in turkey breeding, we developed and validated a fertility index for turkey toms using semen parameters, with sperm penetration holes as the response variable. Semen samples from 100 toms were analyzed for six parameters, revealing sperm mobility index (r = 0.864) and progressive motility (r = 0.851) as the strongest predictors of fertility. A simplified linear regression model (R² = 0.851) using semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm mobility index was selected to create the Turkey Tom Fertility Index. The scaled 0-100 index demonstrated 77.0% overall classification accuracy and 86.7% test set accuracy. This practical tool offers a standardized method for predicting fertility potential, enabling improved breeding efficiency and reproductive outcomes in commercial turkey production.
The Phytochemical, Characterization and In vitro Aldose Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Seed Extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum
ABSTRACT This study investigates the phytochemical composition and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory potential of ethanolic seed extracts from Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek). Qualitative and quantitative analyses confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, with saponins (87.56% total content) and flavonoids (68.25%) as dominant constituents. GC-MS analysis identified major bioactive compounds, including methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (74.54% peak area) and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (16.11%). Aldose reductase inhibitory activity was assessed in vitro, and ethanol extract showed the highest potency. (IC50 = 101.35 ± 12.75 μg/mL), surpassing ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. Fractionation via column chromatography yielded six fractions (A–F), with Fraction B showing potent AR inhibition (IC50 = 84.58 ± 19.61 μg/mL), comparable to quercetin (71.23 ± 21.47 μg/mL). FTIR of Fraction B revealed functional groups (O–H, C=O, N–O) associated with bioactive compounds. These results highlight fenugreek’s potential as a natural source for managing diabetic complications via AR inhibition. These findings support the ethnomedicinal use of T. foenum-graecum and warrant further studies for therapeutic development
In Vitro Control of Bacterial Pathogens Affecting Tomatoes from Irrigated Tomato Farms in Watari, Dawakin Tofa, Kano State Using Plant Extracts
A study was conducted to control bacterial pathogens affecting tomatoes from irrigated tomato farms in Watari, Dawakin Tofa, Kano State, using plant extracts. Infested plant parts and soils were collected for isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria using morphological and biochemical characterization. Based on traditional knowledge, three plants were collected and taken to the laboratory for herbarium identification using voucher numbers and binomial naming. The phytochemicals associated with the three plants were determined by ethanolic extraction and screening. The effect of the plant extracts on the culture of bacterial colonies was also determined. The study found that the effectiveness of plant extracts against bacterial isolates compared favorably with synthetic bactericides. Using different concentrations (1 g/5 mL, 1 g/10 mL, and 1 g/15 mL), the results showed that plant extract from P. biglobosa, T. indica, and E. globulus can be incorporated into integrated pest and disease management in tomatoes and help reduce the overuse of synthetic chemicals. 1 g/5 mL of the ethanolic extracts of E. globulus had the highest antibacterial activity, with a 15 mm zone of inhibition against E. faecalis, 18 mm zone of inhibition against P. syringae, and a 12 mm zone of inhibition against B. subtilis when compared with 20 mm and 15 mm of synthetic bactericides.
Assessment of Micronutrient Deficiencies among Women of Reproductive Age in Some Selected Urban and Rural Areas of Birnin Kebbi LGA, Kebbi state, Nigeria
Micronutrient deficiencies pose significant risks to maternal and child health in resource-limited settings. This cross-sectional study utilizes anthropometric, biochemical assays, and dietary recall to assess the prevalence and determinants of iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and serum total protein deficiencies among 120 pregnant women (aged 15–49 years) in three urban and three rural communities of Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area, Nigeria. The results reveal Iron deficiency was prevalent in both (urban: 4.59 ± 0.91 µmol/L; rural: 3.43 ± 0.51 µmol/L compared to normal: 10.7–28.6 µmol/L), as was zinc deficiency (urban: 4.18 ± 0.39 µmol/L; rural: 4.08 ± 0.43 µmol/L compared to normal: 10–18 µmol/L). Calcium levels were low (urban: 1.04 ± 0.21 mmol/L; rural: 1.11 ± 0.24 mmol/L compared to normal: 2.1–2.6 mmol/L), with higher deficiency in urban areas. Vitamin A was adequate (urban: 1.49 ± 0.15 µmol/L; rural: 1.43 ± 0.17 µmol/L compared to normal: >1.05 µmol/L), while total protein was elevated in (urban: 9.81 ± 1.4 g/dL; rural: 9.56 ± 1.1 g/dL compared to normal: 6.0–8.0 g/dL). Urban women had higher dietary diversity (56.6% consumed 3–5 food groups vs. 61.6% rural, consuming <3, p=0.015) and better food security (p=0.0001). Iron deficiency was associated with low education (p=0.002) and subsistence farming as an occupation (p=0.001). Targeted interventions, including supplementation and dietary diversification, are needed to address these deficiencies.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extracts of Gongronema latifolium against Some Urinary Bacterial Isolates from Students of Federal University Dutsin-Ma
Gongronema latifolium are known for various antimicrobial properties. Hence, this study assayed the in-vitro effects of methanolic, aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of Gongronema latifolium on bacterial species isolated from urine samples of students from Federal University Dutsinma. Thirty (30) urine samples were aseptically collected from the university students. Standard laboratory techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the organisms. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides and saponins in the leaves extract. Six (6) millimeter sterile discs were impregnated with methanolic, aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different concentrations and the test organisms were spread evenly on Mŭller -Hinton plate. All the test organisms showed sensitivity to both methanolic and ethanolic leaves extracts of G. latifolium. The aqueous extracts showed less activity against the isolates. The zone of inhibition ranges from 10mm to 15mm for methanolic extract, 8mm to 14mm for ethanolic extract and 0mm to 3mm for aqueous extract. The findings of MIC and MBC revealed that S. aureus appears more susceptible to the methanolic extract (lower MIC and MBC). Both E. coli and P. aeruginosa show similar patterns of susceptibility to methanolic and ethanolic extracts while aqueous extracts show no measurable or weaker effects. The study has therefore established the antibacterial activities of extracts of G. latifolium against the isolates and hence, there is need for further research to ascertain the various medicinal properties of G. latifolium.
Meta-analysis of Antimicrobial use in Animals and their Public Health Significance at Senator Ali Modu Sheriff Veterinary Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
A retrospective review of clinical record books from January 2021 to December 2023 was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobials administered and the associated disease conditions. The antimicrobials were administered in both large and small clinics, as well as the avian clinic at the Senator Ali Modu Sheriff Veterinary Hospital (SAMSVH) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the results are presented in the figures. It was observed that the most commonly used antimicrobials at SAMSVH Maiduguri included oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, penicillin-streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tylosin. Penicillin-streptomycin was the most frequently used in large animal clinics. In contrast, gentamicin was used in small clinics, and neomycin-Plus was used in an avian clinic. Also, most of the disease conditions reported in the large animal, small animal, and avian clinic are infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. These included septicaemia, respiratory tract infections, helminthosis, coccidiosis, pestes des petits ruminants, foot and mouth disease, canine distemper, urinary tract infections, infectious bursal disease, fowl typhoid, Newcastle disease, among others. Goitre, orchitis, phimosis, and cataract are the least recorded diseases in the large animal clinic; feline panleukopenia and rectal prolapse are similarly least reported in the small animal clinic within the period under review. The infrequent use of antimicrobials such as ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, and diminazene in clinics is likely attributable to fewer documented cases for their respective clinical indications, limited confirmatory laboratory diagnostics, or the high cost associated with these medications.
Gonadal Maturation and Fecundity of Schilbe mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) from River Taraba at Tella, Nigeria
African butter catfish (Schilbe mystus) is a freshwater species widely distributed across inland waters in Africa, including rivers, lakes, and floodplains. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Zoology at Taraba State University, Jalingo, to investigate the reproductive biology of Schilbe mystus from River Taraba at Tella, Nigeria, to inform sustainable fisheries management and conservation efforts. A total of 300 specimens were collected monthly over 12 months from January to December 2024. Data on sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), maturity stages, and fecundity were analyzed. The sex ratio (1.1:1; female: male) did not significantly deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio (χ² = 1.067, p > 0.05). GSI values peaked between March and July, indicating the main spawning season occurs during the early rainy season. Five gonadal maturity stages were identified in females, with ripe ovaries most common from April to June. Fecundity ranged from 3,200 to 22,400 eggs per female, and showed a strong positive correlation with total length (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) and body weight (r = 0.81, p < 0.01). These findings indicate that S. mystus is a multiple spawner with a seasonal breeding pattern, underscoring the need to regulate fishing pressure during peak reproductive periods.
Genetic Evaluation of Growth Performance, Shooter Frequency and Survival Rates of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Haplogroup from River Benue, Nigeria
This study was conducted at the hatchery complex of Kazuh Integrated farms Gidin waya, Ibi L.G.A. Taraba State to evaluated the genetic basis of growth performance, shooter frequency, and survival rates among inbred and crossbred haplotypes of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from River Benue, Nigeria. Conducted over an eight-week period (February–March 2021), the research aimed to assess the reproductive potential and performance variations among molecularly characterized haplogroups. A total of thirty (30) broodstock samples were subjected to standard molecular sequencing protocols for haplotype identification. Fry obtained from inbred (Hap1♀B × Hap1♂B; Hap3♀B × Hap3♂B) and crossbred (Hap1♀B × Hap3♂B; Hap1♂B × Hap3♀B) parental combinations were monitored under controlled hatchery conditions for growth metrics, frequency of shooters, and survival rates. At the end of the trial, the crossbred group Hap1♂B × Hap3♀B recorded the highest mean final weight (23.29 ± 2.93 g), as well as superior length gain, specific growth rate, shooter frequency, and survival percentage compared to the inbred groups. These results indicate that crossbreeding among distinct haplotypes enhances growth performance and survival ability in C. gariepinus. The findings also underscore the value of molecular characterization and haplotype-based breeding strategies for optimizing genetic resource management and improving aquaculture productivity in Nigeria.
Evaluation of Bacteriophage Therapy Against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Infections at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria
The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has reignited interest in alternative therapeutic options such as bacteriophage therapy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of bacteriophages isolated from hospital sewage in combating MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains obtained from wound infections in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Fifteen clinical isolates were reconfirmed using conventional biochemical tests, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Eight isolates were identified as MDR. Bacteriophages were isolated using standard enrichment and double-layer agar methods and displayed visible lytic activity against the resistant strains. The findings highlight the potential of bacteriophages as an effective and economical therapeutic alternative.
Calibration and Evaluation of Ceres-Sorghum Model for Use in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Production in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria
A study was conducted at Bayero University Teaching and Research Farm (BUK), Kano, and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Research Farm, Minjibir. The experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications, using eight sorghum varieties. Data from both locations were used to calibrate and evaluate the CERES-Sorghum model within the DSSAT framework. Calibrated genetic coefficients for all eight cultivars were incorporated into the DSSAT cultivar file. Model performance was assessed using model efficiency (EF), index of agreement (D-index), and root mean square error (RMSE). Calibration results showed strong agreement between observed and simulated values for days to flowering, physiological maturity, leaf number per plant, grain yield, and biomass (D-index: 0.97–0.95; EF: 0.87–0.80; RMSE: 125.68–1.37). Similar accuracy was observed during evaluation. CSR-01, SAMSORG-44, and 2192-2N had the highest panicle partitioning coefficients (G2), while SAMSORG-14, SAMSORG-17, and 12KN ICSV-188 recorded the lowest. CSR-02 and ICSV-400 had intermediate values. For the juvenile phase thermal time (P1), SAMSORG-14, 12KN ICSV-188, and CSR-02 had the highest values, while SAMSORG-17 and SAMSORG-44 had the lowest. ICSV-400 and CSR-01 were intermediate. Photoperiod sensitivity coefficients (P2R) ranged from 1 to 300 GDD, with SAMSORG-17 highest and ICSV-400 lowest. Overall, the model demonstrated satisfactory performance and proved reliable in simulating sorghum growth and yield across the Sudan Savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria.
Retrospective Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and its Associated Risk Factors in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria: A Hospital-Based Study
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global health issue, affecting approximately 350 million chronic carriers worldwide. A retrospective study on HBV was conducted at the Maiduguri State Specialist Hospital from 2017 to 2023, utilizing laboratory records to evaluate the prevalence of HBV among patients. The analysis, performed using SPSS version 23.0, examined 81,469 patient records. Latex agglutination assays were employed to test for the presence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The overall prevalence of HBV was found to be 3.89% (3,171 out of 81,469), with the highest prevalence occurring in 2018 at 5.01%. The infection rates were notably higher among females (57.2%) compared to males (42.8%). Additionally, the prevalence was slightly elevated during the dry season (3.91%) in contrast to the wet season (3.88%). There was significant (p<0.05) association between age, years and HBV prevalence. HBV is endemic in Maiduguri, exhibiting variations based on sex and seasonal factors. The study recommends enhanced vaccination and screening efforts.
Comparative Evaluation of the Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Water from Borehole, Tapwater and Rivers in Eziama/Mgbaja Ossah, Abia State.
Diseases caused by contamination of water consumption and poor hygiene are among the leading causes of diarrhoea especially in children, and immune-compromised individuals. Samples of borehole, river and public tap water were collected from Eziama/Mgbaja Ossah Ibeku, Abia State, Nigeria and analysed physico-chemically, bacteriologically using standard methods to ascertain the quality of water consumed by the community. Each sample was inoculated onto nutrient and MacConkey agar plates using the spread plate technique. The physicochemical parameters of the water sources were within required WHO standard for water expect chloride that was of higher values. The bacteriological analyses revealed that the highest total coliform counts of 6.1x103cfu/mL was observed in borehole water sample while the least counts of 3.2x103cfu/mL was in public tap water. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0x102cfu/mL for water. Bacteria counts values obtained from this study did not meet the international standard as they were higher than World Health Organization Standard of zero per 100mL. The isolated organisms were identified to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus species, Enterococcus species, and Salmonella species. The heavy metals values obtained were within the accepted limit of water standard in all the various water samples investigated. The t-test result reveals significant difference between the quality of the water sources in the study area. From the findings, it is recommended that water supply in the area should be properly treated and handled before human consumption and other domestic purposes.
Variation In Seedling Growth of Balanites aegyptiaca (l.) Delile from Different Seed Sources in Arid and Semi-Arid Nigeria
The influence of seed sources on the growth characteristics of a fast-declining important edible wild fruit tree species (Balanites aegyptiaca) was investigated. Seeds sourced from 8 locations were sown on different seed beds representing the locations. 100 seedlings of similar height growth from each seed bed were transplanted into polythene bags. The experiments were arranged in a Completely Randomize Design (CRD) with 5 replicates. The stem diameter (SD mm), stem height (SH cm), number of leaves (NL), root length (RL), absolute growth rate by plant height (AGRPH cm day-1), relative growth rate by dry weight (RGRDW cm day-1) and absolute growth rate by dry matter (AGRDM mg g-1 day-1) were assessed. SD, CD, NL and RL varied significantly among seed sources. CD and SD were highest in Dumsai with each recording 4.91 and 60.82, respectively. NL ranged from 166.60 (Mashi) to 104.70 (Gamawa), RL increased from 34.01±6.46 (Baure) to 46.71±20.18 (Mashi). Seedlings of Dumsai origin demonstrated better growth characteristics compared to other sources and could serve as a good source of seed for domestication and improvement of the species.
Hepatoprotective Effect of n-Butanol fraction of Lophira lenceolata (Ochnaceae) Against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
This study evaluated Lophira lanceolata n-butanol leaf fraction hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials in the Drosophila melanogaster model. For the acute toxicity study, adult Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to L. lanceolata butanol fraction at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mg/10g feed, and mortality was recorded for a period of seven days. In the hepatotoxicity assay, flies were fed the n-butanol fraction at 125, 250, and 500 mg/10g, with all the groups receiving carbon tetrachloride mixed with the feed, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) were measured. In the oxidative stress assay similar dose pattern was adopted. The adult flies were homogenized, and biochemical assays for hepatic biomarkers and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. A sample of the Drosophila homogenate was subjected to mRNA extraction for the expression of the SOD gene. The LC50 was determined to be greater than or equal to 500 mg fraction in 10g of feed. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione) significantly increased upon administration of the graded doses of L. lanceolata n-butanol fraction. The liver biochemical markers, such as ALT, AST, Albumin, and alkaline phosphatase, were significantly decreased by the n-butanol fraction compared with the CCl4-treated group. These results suggest that L. lanceolata possesses antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects on Drosophila flies by free radical scavenging and increasing gene expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
Assessment of the Microbial Quality of Sachet Water Sold in New Nyanya, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Sachet water is a widely consumed source of drinking water in Nigeria due to its affordability and accessibility, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas. However, concerns about its microbial safety persist. This study assessed the microbial quality of sachet water sold in New Nyanya area of Karu Local Government, Nasarawa State. 20 sachet water samples were randomly collected from different vendors and analysed for microbial contamination using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The pH values of all samples ranged between 7.4 and 8.1, which falls within the World Health Organization's recommended limits for drinking water (6.5 – 8.5). However, microbial analysis revealed coliform contamination in two brands (F and I), with Brand I showing a significantly high coliform count of 43 MPN/100ml – far exceeding the permissible limit of 0 MPN/100ml. Biochemical identification of the isolates confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Shigella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings highlight the potential public health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated sachet water and underscore the need for stricter regulatory oversight, improved quality control during production, and increased public awareness regarding water safety.
Modified Amino Acid Encryption Method Using Bi-directional Associative Memory Neural Network for Key Generation
The paper proposed a modified amino acid-based encryption model that uses a bi-directional associative neural network for key generation, used for encryption and decryption. The proposed model survived against several attacks, such as plaintext, known plaintext, and cryptanalysis, and a comparative analysis was carried out based on encryption and decryption time between the original algorithm and the modified model, and the result shows that both models have the same encryption and decryption time.
Dose-Dependent Histopathological and Structural Impact of Chemical Hair-Straighteners on Scalp Epithelium and Hair-Fibres Using Albino Wistar Rats
Chemical hair straighteners are popular for creating straight, smooth hair but contain strong chemicals such as formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, and parabens, which disrupt the keratin structure by breaking disulfide bonds, critical for hair strength and shape. These chemical interactions often lead to hair and scalp damage, including irritation, inflammation, thinning, burns, and follicular injury. Repeated use has been linked to higher risks of hormone-related cancers, which raises important public health questions. This study investigated how dose and frequency of chemical hair straightener application affect scalp skin and hair fibre histopathology in albino Wistar rats. The research utilized controlled single and multiple topical exposures to a commercial straightener product over various durations. Hair samples were analyzed for porosity and microstructural changes using wet preparation microscopy and a modified buoyancy test, while scalp tissue sections were examined via haematoxylin and eosin staining. Findings showed that hair damage intensified with repeated chemical exposure, progressing from initial cortical fading and cuticular lifting to severe keratin degeneration and pigment loss. Histological analysis of scalp samples revealed dose-dependent effects, including epidermal thinning, keratinocyte necrosis, follicular atrophy and disruption of collagen matrix, all of which worsened with prolonged treatment. These findings underline the cytotoxic potential of chemical hair straighteners and risks related to systemic absorption of their chemical ingredients. Although the study’s limitations include the use of an animal model and evaluation of only one product, the results provide a vital basis for further research in humans, chronic toxicity assessment, and development of safer hair cosmetic practices.
An Analytical Study of Some Water Quality Parameters and Their Implications for Public Health in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
This study presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of water quality parameters in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, with the aim of identifying key trends, correlations, and potential public health implications. The dataset comprises 1000 water samples. All data analysis was performed using the Python programming language with libraries such as Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation, and SciPy and Matplotlib for statistical analysis and visualization. Descriptive statistics revealed significant variability in water quality, with an average pH of 4.88, indicating acidity in many samples. The mean turbidity was 1.31 NTU, with some samples showing extremely high values up to 240 NTU. The presence of microbial contamination was evident, with mean Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform counts of 9.66 and 11.33, respectively. A correlation analysis indicated weak linear relationships between most parameters, highlighting the complex nature of water quality. An ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference in turbidity levels across various water sources (F-statistic = 2.64, p-value = 0.032), suggesting that the source type is a significant determinant of water clarity. Furthermore, a comparison of Total Coliform levels between the dry and wet seasons showed similar contamination, challenging the assumption that microbial pollution is solely influenced by seasonal precipitation. The findings underscore a need for a multi-parameter approach to water quality assessment and highlight critical public health risks associated with acidic and microbiologically contaminated water.
Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors in Primary School Children in Isuikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria
Intestinal parasitic infections remain a significant public health concern, affecting over 450 million individuals globally, with children being disproportionately impacted due to their higher vulnerability. A total of 385 children from three primary schools in Isuikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State, were studied to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection. The faecal samples were collected and analyzed using the formol-ether sedimentation concentration technique. A well-structured questionnaire was designed and pre-tested to collect demographic, socio-economic, and behavioral data. The overall prevalence was 11.69%, and the highest prevalence was recorded in Amaba Central School. Four intestinal parasites (Entamoeba histolytica, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Balantidium coli) were recovered, with E. histolytica being the most prevalent. Low-prevalence mixed infection was also recorded. Female pupils and the age group (12-14 years) had higher prevalence rates. Some socio-demographic factors, like parents’ marital status, occupation, source of water, and toilet type, wearing of footwear, washing of hands, disposing of household waste, and biting of fingernails, were highly significant, while picking food items from the floor, household size, household income, and educational background were not statistically significant in the study area. This study highlights the urgent need for public health intervention. Provision of water, sanitation, and health facilities (WASH), regular deworming, and public health education are needed in the area and schools to bring down the prevalence rate.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Poultry Birds
The continual monitoring of resistance in poultry isolates is of epidemiological significance. This study investigated the antibacterial potency of methanol extracts of Alchornea cordifolia against drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from healthy chickens in Umuahia, Abia State. The organisms were isolated and characterized by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was ascertained. The inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested using standard methods. Fifteen (15) microorganisms were isolated, but predominant among them were Proteus mirabilis (40.0%), Salmonella spp (26.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.0%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (13.3%). The nucleotide sequences of bacterial 16Sr RNA gene retrieved from the isolates were deposited in the GenBank database with accession numbers PQ555018 and PQ555019. The results revealed a moderate level of resistance to cephalosporins, as 40.0% of the isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone and 46.7% to cefuroxime. Ofloxacin and levofloxacin exhibited significant activity as 73.3% and 80% of the isolates being susceptible. The predominant resistance pattern (ceftriaxone, tetracycline, and azithromycin) occurred in 93.3% of isolates. Proteus mirabilis exhibited the broadest resistance (as 5/6 of the strains were resistant to CRO-TET-CPR-AZN-GEN), while Salmonella spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to ≥5 antibiotics. The crude extracts of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia exerted significant activity in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition zones ranging between 11.0mm to 17.0mm at the 200mg/ml concentration. Proteus mirabilis was most susceptible to the leaf extract, as evident by its increased zone of inhibition. The potency of Alchornea cordifolia against the isolates (MIC between 12.5mg/mL and 50mg/mL) highlights its potential as an alternative therapy.
Self-inflicted Occipital Puncture Wound from Aberrant Horn Growth in a West African Dwarf Buck: A Case Report
This report describes a rare case of self-inflicted occipital puncture injury in an 11-month-old West African Dwarf (WAD) buck caused by aberrant horn curling. The animal presented with a circular penetrating wound in the occipital region, resulting from the distal tip of a severely curved horn. Despite the depth and location of the lesion, no systemic or neurological deficits were detected. The case was managed by horn tipping, wound debridement, and antimicrobial therapy, leading to complete recovery within three weeks. Self-inflicted cranial trauma due to abnormal horn morphology is scarcely documented in veterinary literature, with most horn-related injuries usually attributed to intraspecies aggression or environmental hazards. This case underscores the clinical significance of horn conformational abnormalities as potential causes of severe trauma, even in otherwise healthy small ruminants. The successful management highlights the importance of early recognition and timely surgical intervention in preventing life-threatening complications. From a preventive standpoint, routine monitoring and periodic horn trimming should be considered essential herd health measures, particularly in breeds prone to horn conformational abnormalities. This case contributes to the limited documentation of self-inflicted traumatic injuries in goats and emphasizes the need for proactive management to safeguard animal welfare.
Effects of Thermal and High-Pressure Processing on the Antinutritive Constituents and Antioxidant Content of Trichosanthes lobata Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)
This study examined the effects of thermal and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the antinutritive constituents and antioxidant content of Trichosanthes lobata Roxb. Thermal treatment at 80°C and 90°C significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased oxalate levels, while 100°C caused a significant reduction compared to the control. Tannins, cyanide, phytate, and saponins decreased significantly across all thermal treatments. HPP reduced all antinutrients (oxalates, tannins, cyanide, phytate, and saponins) more effectively than thermal processing. Antioxidant content declined with heat: lycopene dropped from 19.52 mg/100 g (control) to 13.08, 10.37, and 10.13 mg/100 g at 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C, respectively, while β-carotene and FRAP followed similar declines. Conversely, HPP preserved and enhanced antioxidant properties: lycopene increased slightly, β-carotene rose significantly at 300 and 350 MPa, and FRAP improved significantly across all HPP groups. Overall, thermal processing reduced antinutrients but compromised antioxidants, whereas HPP simultaneously lowered antinutrients and enhanced antioxidant activity, demonstrating its superiority for preserving the nutritional and functional quality of T. lobata.
Spatial Variability and Mapping of Soil Structural Stability: The Interplay of Texture and Organic Matter at Jibia Irrigation Project, Semi-Arid Zone of Nigeria
The study assessed the spatial variability and mapping of soil structural stability in relation to texture and organic matter in Sector F1 of the Jibia Irrigation Project, Katsina State, Nigeria. The area lies in a semi-arid zone with predominantly sandy soils and low organic matter, contributing to poor aggregation and a low structural stability index (SI), which increases erosion risk. A total of 144 georeferenced soil samples were analyzed for texture, SOM, and aggregate stability indicators such as dry and wet mean weight diameter (MWD) and SI. Descriptive statistics showed moderate variability in sand and high variability in silt, clay, and aggregate indices. Semivariogram analysis revealed strong spatial dependence for sand, silt, clay, and dry MWD; moderate for SI; and weak for SOM and wet MWD. Clay had the widest spatial range (8.5 m), indicating stronger intrinsic control than sand (3.24 m) and silt (2.93 m). SOM showed weak spatial structure, likely influenced by land-use practices. The results show that sandy soils with low organic matter content have poor aggregation and weak structural stability, making them susceptible to erosion. Fine-textured components, such as clay and silt, and OM significantly enhance SSI, while high sand content undermines it. Organic matter and fine particles were key to improving soil aggregation and stability. The study highlights the importance of managing soil texture and organic inputs to improve aggregation, moisture retention, and productivity in semi-arid soils. Recommendations include increasing organic inputs, reducing tillage, and adopting targeted irrigation. The exponential model best fitted most semivariograms.
Potential of Microalgae Cultivated in Wastewater for Enhancing Biodiesel Production
The rising global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources has intensified interest in biofuels, particularly biodiesel. Among the various feedstock’s explored for biodiesel production, microalgae have emerged as a promising alternative due to their high lipid productivity, rapid growth rates, and ability to thrive in diverse environments, including wastewater. This study explored the potential of native microalgal strains isolated from wastewater in Sokoto metropolis for biodiesel applications. Physicochemical analysis of the wastewater revealed temperature (25.3 ± 0.5 °C), biochemical oxygen demand (3.4 mg/L), electrical conductivity (3420 µS/cm), dissolved oxygen (39.51 mg/L), nitrate (0.29 mg/L), phosphate (28.65 mg/L), pH (6.27), and trace metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr), all of which were within World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Ten isolates were recovered through serial dilution and identified using morphological characteristics. Biomass and lipid productivity were evaluated under a 16:8 h light–dark cycle, and lipid content was quantified gravimetrically. Among the isolates, Scenedesmus sp. produced the highest biomass yield (0.224 g/L) and lipid productivity (0.57 ± 0.006 g/L/day). Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed significant variation (p < 0.05) among isolates. The findings indicate that wastewater can serve as a low-cost medium for microalgal cultivation, simultaneously reducing nutrient discharge and treatment costs. Utilizing indigenous microalgae such as Scenedesmus sp. offers a promising strategy for sustainable biodiesel production in resource-limited settings.
Detection of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha (HNF1A) Gene Variants Among the Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Facility in Lagos, Nigeria
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic condition characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia and serious complications. It remains a major public health challenge worldwide, including in Nigeria. While lifestyle and environmental factors are well known, genetic influences also contribute to disease development, progression, and treatment response. One gene of particular interest, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha (HNF1A), regulates liver genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and transport. Variants in this gene have been linked to Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) as well as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, information on these variants in Nigerian populations is limited. This study investigated HNF1A gene variants in 100 adults (47% male, 53% female; mean age 46.5 years) attending the Federal Medical Centre, Ebute-Meta, Lagos. Blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured, and genomic DNA was analysed for HNF1A variants using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). A strikingly high prevalence of polymorphisms was observed, with 95% of participants carrying exon 1 variants before restriction digestion. Exon 1 displayed three distinct band patterns, while exons 2–5 showed single but variable bands, indicating genetic diversity. Individuals with exon 1 and exon 5 variants had higher fasting glucose and HbA1c levels, suggesting that these polymorphisms may contribute to impaired glycaemic control. In summary, HNF1A variants are common in both diabetic and non-diabetic Nigerians. Incorporating genetic screening into routine practice could enhance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes in the population.
Effect of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil on the Growth, Development and Nutritional Composition of Maize (Zea mays L.,)
Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination remains a major environmental challenge because of the release of toxic by-products that affect soil quality and plant growth. This study assessed the effect of crude oil on the growth, development, and nutritional composition of maize (Zea mays L.) with a view to evaluating its toxicity. Soil samples were collected, characterized using FTIR, and contaminated with crude oil at varying v/w levels. Maize seeds were planted in pots and monitored for 12 weeks. Two groups were established: an uncontaminated control (20 replicates) and contaminated soils (20 replicates). Key growth parameters, including germination rate, plant height, chlorophyll content, and yield, were monitored, alongside macronutrient and micronutrient composition. Results showed that contaminated soils caused a significant reduction in nutrient availability and uptake compared to controls. During the germination phase (weeks 1–3), there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in plant height, girth, leaf area, and stem diameter. However, as the plants advanced into the vegetative phase, a significant decline (p<0.05) in these parameters was observed in the contaminated group. FTIR analysis further revealed distinct changes in functional groups and hydrocarbon compound presence in contaminated soils, confirming crude oil’s interference with soil chemistry. Overall, the findings indicate that crude oil pollution hampers maize growth, development, and nutritional quality, largely through nutrient depletion and structural alterations in the soil. The study underscores the need for effective remediation strategies to restore soil fertility and sustain agricultural productivity in crude oil-polluted environments.
Prevalence of Malaria Among Febrile Patients in Oluyoro Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State
Malaria remains a major public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, with Nigeria accounting for a significant proportion of global cases. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Oluyoro Catholic Hospital, Ibadan, between November 2023 and June 2024, to determine the prevalence of malaria and its distribution across age and gender groups. A total of 350 febrile patients with clinical symptoms of malaria were recruited. Blood samples were collected and analysed using microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Of the participants, 173 (49.4%) tested positive for malaria. Prevalence was significantly higher among females (53.7%) compared with males (41.3%) (χ² = 4.24; p = 0.039). Children under 15 years carried the greatest burden (63.2%), followed by young adults aged 16–30 years (54.2%). Prevalence declined with age, falling to 25.8% among those aged 31–45 years and 15.9% in individuals above 46 years (p < 0.0001). These trends suggest greater vulnerability among younger individuals due to underdeveloped immunity and increased exposure. Microscopy served as the gold standard for parasite detection. The findings emphasise the importance of targeted malaria control strategies, particularly among children and women. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, expanding access to molecular testing, and implementing routine surveillance are crucial to addressing both Plasmodium falciparum and emerging non-falciparum species. Tailored interventions are needed to reduce malaria morbidity and guide effective treatment approaches.
Impact of Age on the Trace Elements Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (AART) Attending Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Advancing age is characterized by impaired pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of age on trace element levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). A total of 196 HIV-positive patients in the age ranges of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years old who are on HAART were recruited for the study. Determinations of HIV status and plasma trace element levels of the participants were performed using standard procedures. Results obtained from the study showed that zinc, selenium, and iron levels were most pronounced among HAART subjects in the age ranges of 20-29 and 30-39 years old, but declined in HAART subjects in the age ranges of 60-69 and 70-79 years old. In conclusion, it can be deduced from this study that HAART is most effective in younger individuals.
Allelopathic Effects of Azardiracta indica and Vitellaria paradoxa on the Germination and Growth of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
This work was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) on the germination and growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Northern Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) replicates. Data were collected on germination rate, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, root length, above ground biomass, and below ground biomass, and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for mean separation at 5% probability to separate means. Results showed that A. indica caused stronger inhibition of pepper seed germination and growth parameters than V. paradoxa. Germination percentages under neem were reduced to 57.33% compared to 67.67% under shea butter, both lower than the control (100%). Neem also suppressed plant height, stem circumference, and biomass more than shea butter. Although statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (p≥0.05) among treatments, the inhibitory trend suggests that these trees can influence pepper growth. Findings align with recent research on allelopathy in sustainable agriculture. It was recommended that farmers consider the placement of these trees on farmlands to reduce potential productivity losses.
Tick Paralysis in an African Duiker (Cephalophus spp.) Rescued in Southern Nigeria: A Case Report
Tick paralysis is a neurotropic and potentially fatal condition induced by neurotoxins secreted in the saliva of engorged female Ixodid ticks. These toxins disrupt acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive paralysis and respiratory failure if not promptly managed. Although the condition is well documented in domestic animals and humans, reports from African wildlife remain rare despite the region’s high tick prevalence. This report describes a case involving an adult Cephalophus (duiker) antelope rescued near Benin City, Nigeria. The animal exhibited weakness, ataxia, loss of reflexes, and respiratory distress. Numerous engorged ticks were found on the neck and ventral abdomen. Laboratory findings revealed mild leukocytosis, and parasitological examination confirmed Ixodes species infestation. Management included meticulous tick removal, supportive therapy, intravenous fluids, dexamethasone, loratadine, vitamin B-complex, oxytetracycline, and acaricide application. Although antibiotics are not standard for treating tick paralysis, their use was justified due to possible secondary bacterial or tick-borne co-infections (e.g., anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis) and potential skin infections from immobility. The animal showed marked improvement by day three and full recovery by day five, confirming tick paralysis. This case emphasizes the critical role of early detection and supportive care in reversing a potentially fatal outcome. It also highlights the importance of routine wildlife health surveillance, ranger training, and integrated vector management to protect susceptible species in fragmented habitats.
Acute Liver Impact of Aqueous Parkia biglobosa Seed Extract in Experimental Rats
There is a global resurgence in the use of herbal preparations, and in some developing countries, including Nigeria, it has been gradually integrated into the primary and secondary health care systems. Nearly all societies have used herbal materials as sources of medicines, and the development of these herbal sources of medicines depends on local botanical flora, of which the effects are not usually known. The study aimed to investigate the acute effects of aqueous seed extract of Parkia biglobosa on liver functions in Wistar albino rats. Acute toxicity was performed via the intraperitoneal route to determine the LD50. The animals were subsequently sacrificed, and liver functions were assessed using standard techniques. The acute intraperitoneal toxicity result, LD50, revealed Parkia biglobosa aqueous seed extract to be non-lethal at 5000mg/kg bodyweight. The results obtained for liver function parameters indicated that ingestion of Parkia biglobosa seed extract has no toxic effect on liver functions. The results can form the basis for further clinical trials.
Management of Colibacillosis, Newcastle Disease, and Ascaridiasis in a Flock of One-Year-Old Layer Chickens
Poultry production, though a very lucrative venture, is being marred by diverse challenges, including infectious diseases. In the poultry industry, Newcastle disease (ND) is often complicated by Escherichia coli and Ascaridia galli. This case report described the diagnosis and management of these diseases in a flock of one-year-old Isa Brown layer chickens with complaints of increasing mortality and a decrease in egg production. The clinical case was diagnosed and treated based on the results of postmortem findings, and diagnostic work-up including pericarditis, congested and friable liver, misshapened and pedunculated ovarian follicles, necrotic caecal tonsils, egg yolk peritonitis, petechial haemorrhages on and erosion of proventricular mucosae, low protective antibody (26%), and identification of Ascaridia galli from the small intestine, and E. coli from sampled organs. The flock was treated with 20% Enrofloxacin at 1 mL/2 L, plus povidone (10% iodine) at 1 mL/2 L, and 10% Mebendazole at 1 g/L, all administered in drinking water for five consecutive days, followed by two consecutive days. Ten days post-treatment, mortality rates plummeted, and egg production resumed its peak. These findings demonstrate that a combination of diagnostic work plans, including postmortem examination, microbial culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing, as well as the haemagglutination inhibition test, is reliable for diagnosing and managing natural concurrent infections associated with ND, colibacillosis, and ascaridiasis.
Tranexamic Acid (TXA) Successfully used to Manage Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a 6-Year-Old Nigerian Boy
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent that controls bleeding by preventing the breakdown of fibrin blood clots. Some studies have shown that TXA can reduce rebleeding and bleeding control failures in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, but its effectiveness and safety are still being debated. This is a case report of the successful management of gastrointestinal bleeding in a 6-year-old boy using TXA.
Management of Septic Mastitis in a Seven Months Old New Zealand White Rabbit Doe
Mastitis is a condition affecting various animals, including rabbits, hamsters, mice, and rats. While these species are frequently used as models for studying mammary gland infections in biomedical research, there is limited understanding of their natural occurrence, epidemiology, and management. This case report focuses on the causes, clinical signs, pathology, and treatment of septic mastitis in rabbits, highlighting existing knowledge gaps and emphasising the need for further research. On 29th May, 2025, a client presented her seven-month-old New Zealand rabbit doe, weighing 2.5kg, to the University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, complaining that she noticed a swollen mass on the rabbit's chest. Physical examination revealed an abscess on the first mammary gland located at the right anterior region of the doe; the mass was painful on touch and a dark brown necrotic tissue was seen on its medial aspect. Creamy-white viscous fluid was recovered on aspiration. A swab sample was collected from the affected area for bacterial culture. This was followed by differential diagnosis that included septic mastitis, cystic mastitis and caked mammary gland. Bacterial culture yielded a moderate growth of Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hours of incubation at 37ºC, confirming septic mastitis. Septic mastitis is a primary reason for culling adult does from commercial rabbit farms. It causes serious medical and reproductive challenges, but it is reversible if diagnosed and properly managed on time.
A Review on Nutrigenomics: Understanding Diet-Gene Interactions and Their Implications for Chronic Disease Prevention
Nutrigenomics investigates the complex interactions between dietary components and individual genetic makeup, influencing health outcomes and disease susceptibility. This review evaluates the role of nutrigenomics in understanding diet-gene interactions and their impact on chronic disease prevention and management. A systematic review was performed to identify relevant literature on nutrigenomics and its applications in chronic disease management. Peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports were sourced from the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The search utilized the following keywords: "nutrigenomics," "diet-gene interactions," "genetic polymorphisms," "bioactive foods," and "personalized nutrition." Studies were included based on their relevance to the application of nutrigenomics in the prevention or management of chronic diseases. Selection criteria prioritized studies that provided insights into diet-gene interactions, genetic polymorphisms influencing nutritional outcomes, and the role of bioactive food components in personalized nutrition strategies. Genetic variations, particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes such as MTHFR, CYP1A2, GSTs, and ACE, significantly influence individual responses to dietary components and disease risk, including cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, and neural tube defects. Bioactive foods and supplements, including fenugreek, curcumin, HCA-SX, and various vitamins, demonstrate therapeutic potential in modulating gene expression and improving metabolic health. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in mediating nutrient-gene interactions, with examples such as Akkermansia muciniphila impacting Western diet-induced atherosclerosis. While promising, translating nutrigenomics research into personalized nutrition strategies faces challenges due to limited human studies and reliance on animal models.
Bacteriological and Mycological Quality Assessments of Selected Soaps Sold in North-West, Nigeria
This study examines the microbial quality of fourty soaps sold in Katsina, Kano, Kaduna, and Jigawa States markets by evaluating the presence and load of bacteria and fungi in various soap brands. Samples were collected from various vendors in these markets and analysed using standard microbiological techniques, including total viable counts and total bacterial and fungal counts. Inadequate manufacturing processes, contamination during handling, and improper storage can compromise the microbial quality of soap, posing potential health risks. According to the results, there were different degrees of microbial contamination along with possible pathogens such Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the several brands, laundry soap was the least effective, and the most common microorganisms found were Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Multipurpose and medicated soaps showed a strong positive connection (r=0.710, P<0.01). The microbial load may have been influenced by elements like subpar raw materials and inadequate packing. The results show that in order to guarantee the safety of soap products in these markets, stronger quality control procedures and regulatory enforcement are required.