Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA (SAJOLS) is an Open Access Journal hosted by the Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. Currently, it publishes peer-reviewed open access journals online and in print, covering a diverse range of academic disciplines within (but not limited to) Life Sciences and allied fields. By offering its publications in Open Access, SAJOLS seeks to provide for the global academic community and facilitates the advancement and application of science.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
Zooplankton Community Structure in Akassa Creek, Delta State, Nigeria
Zooplankton are key indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and productivity. This study investigated the taxonomic composition, abundance, and spatial-temporal distribution of zooplankton in Akassa creek, a brackish water system in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Monthly samples were collected between the months of October-December, 2024 from 2 stations (Akassa 1 and Akassa 2) using a 55 µm plankton net. A total of 4 taxa were recorded, dominated by Lecane closterocerca; Acartia metanauplius and Arcella vulgaris. Akassa 1 recorded a higher diversity index (H’ = 1.312), lower dominance D (0.2861), higher richness S (4) taxa and a higher evenness J’ (0.9284) reflecting a more balanced community. On the other hand, Akassa 2 had a lower diversity H’ (0.8379), higher dominance D (0.4631), lower richness S (3 taxa), lower evenness J’ (0.7705) indicating a skewed community. The differences between the composition and abundance of zooplanktons in Akassa 1 and Akassa 2 suggests that spatial monitoring of diversity indices is critical for fisheries management. The findings provide unique data for conservation and fisheries management in Akassa creek.
Comparative Proximate Composition of Six Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Accession Cultivated in Katsina State, Nigeria
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), known locally as beniseed, is a major oilseed crop in Nigeria. This study evaluated the proximate composition of six sesame accessions (IGBOHO BLACK, 02M, E8, EXSUDAN, KENAN 4, and BOGORO LOCAL) to identify nutritionally superior lines. Proximate analyses (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, fat and oil, and carbohydrate) were conducted using standard methods. One‑way ANOVA indicated significant differences among accessions for all traits (p ≤ 0.05). IGBOHO BLACK and E8 recorded the highest moisture contents (3.40 ± 0.10% and 3.38 ± 0.00%, respectively). IGBOHO BLACK had the highest ash (5.98 ± 1.10%) and crude fiber (5.77 ± 1.10%), while E8 showed the highest crude protein (7.21 ± 0.20%) and highest fat and oil content (60.50 ± 1.40%), closely followed by KENAN 4 (60.46 ± 2.13%). Carbohydrate content was greatest in IGBOHO BLACK and BOGORO LOCAL (27.63 ± 1.30% and 27.62 ± 1.18%, respectively). The accessions IGBOHO BLACK and E8 had favorable levels of moisture content, crude fibre, protein, fat and oil, carbohydrates that suggest they are promising accessions for nutritional and economic value, followed closely by KENAN 4 and BOGORO LOCAL. Further evaluation of Sesamum indicum L. under different environments and yield trials is recommended for breeding and cultivation purpose.
Composition; E8; IGBOHO BLACK; Proximate; Sesame
Copyright (c) 2026 J. D. Buah, A. A. Omotoso, D. D. Musa
Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: A Narrative Review of Neurological, Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Metabolic, and Systemic Implications
Chronic pesticide exposure represents a critical global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries characterized by inadequate regulatory oversight and poor occupational protection. While acute poisonings are well-documented, sub-acute chronic exposures are increasingly linked to long-term systemic pathologies. This study synthesizes multi-disciplinary evidence linking chronic pesticide exposure to systemic human diseases while critically appraising the methodological strengths and limitations of the current literature. A comprehensive search of major biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) identified key prospective cohorts, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and mechanistic studies published between 2000 and 2026, alongside foundational pre-year 2000 literature. Convergent epidemiological and experimental data robustly associate chronic exposure with neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases), specific malignancies (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, breast cancer), reproductive disorders, and metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes. These pathologies are driven by shared molecular pathways: oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, endocrine disruption, neuroinflammation, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations. Notably, prenatal and pediatric cohorts exhibit heightened susceptibility due to developmental vulnerability and immature metabolic detoxification. Although exposure misclassification, chemical mixture complexities, and residual confounding problems tend to limit definitive causal attribution for individual compounds. This aggregate evidence warrants decisive public health intervention. Mitigating this burden requires expanded prospective biomonitoring, global regulatory harmonization, and the accelerated adoption of integrated pest management frameworks.
Carcinogenesis; Disruption; Endocrine; Neurotoxicity; Occupational health; Oxidative stress; Reproductive toxicity
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Musa, U. E. Ubi, E. S. Danjuma
Review on Current Strategies of Malaria Control in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in Kaduna State, where climatic conditions, poverty, poor sanitation, and weak health systems sustain transmission. This seminar reviewed current malaria control strategies in the state, focusing on epidemiology, interventions, challenges, and emerging innovations. Plasmodium falciparum is identified as the dominant parasite responsible for severe cases and deaths, while Anopheles gambiae serves as the primary vector. Key interventions include insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), larval source management (LSM), seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), rapid diagnostic testing (RDTs), Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs), and community health education. Although these measures have reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, their effectiveness is constrained by several challenges, including insecticide and drug resistance, poor net utilization, weak surveillance systems, irregular commodity supply, poverty, environmental degradation, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Evidence from different LGAs in Kaduna State also shows that irrigation farming, insecurity, internally displaced populations, and poor sanitation contribute significantly to sustained transmission. At the same time, behavioural non-compliance further undermines intervention outcomes. The review highlights emerging control approaches such as malaria vaccines (R21/Matrix-M), gene-drive mosquito technologies, digital surveillance systems, and artificial intelligence-based predictive tools as promising future directions. It concludes that achieving sustainable malaria elimination in Kaduna State requires a comprehensive, multisectoral approach that integrates strengthened health systems, improved surveillance, environmental management, consistent political commitment, community engagement, and the effective adoption of both existing and innovative control strategies.
Insecticide-treated nets; Malaria; Malaria control; Malaria vaccine; Plasmodium falciparum; Vector control
Copyright (c) 2026 B. Bako, F. M. Musa, A. U. Mukhtar
Molecular Detection of magA Gene and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Patients Attending Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae pose significant public health challenges due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. This study aimed to molecularly confirm K. pneumoniae isolates, determine the occurrence of the magA virulence gene, and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 urine specimens from patients with suspected UTIs. K. pneumoniae was confirmed by PCR targeting the yhaI gene, and the magA virulence gene was detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Molecular confirmation identified 11 (5.5%) K. pneumoniae isolates. Only one isolate. (9.0 %) was positive for the magA virulence gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed complete susceptibility (100%) to amikacin, high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (81.8%) and meropenem (81.8%), but significant resistance to cefotaxime (90.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (81.8%), and ampicillin (63.6%). Resistance was observed in 90.9% of isolates, with MAR indices ranging from 0.25 to 0.63. This study confirms the presence of Uropathogenic K. pneumoniae carrying the magA virulence gene with significant resistance patterns. The coexistence of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for routine molecular diagnostics, continuous surveillance, and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs to guide appropriate therapy and prevent the spread of resistant strains.
Antimicrobial resistance; Klebsiella pneumoniae; magA gene; Nigeria; Urinary tract infections; yhai gene
Copyright (c) 2026 Yahaya Aliyu, Sakinat Ifediora, Musa Ibrahim Tukur
Molecular Identification and Distribution of Fungal Species Associated with Stored Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), a member of the Poaceae family, is the sixth most important cereal crop globally and a major staple in northern Nigeria due to its high nutritional values and gluten-free properties. However, fungal contamination during storage poses serious economic and public health concerns, particularly due to the production of mycotoxins. This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of fungal species associated with stored pearl millet seeds collected from five major markets in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Pearl millet seeds (480g) were collected in each market, surface-sterilized, moistened with sterile distilled water, and stored for seven days to induce spoilage. Seeds were plated on Potato Dextrose agar amended with streptomycin and incubated for three days at 25±2°C. The emerging fungi were sub-cultured to obtain pure isolates and identified using morphological characteristics and molecular analysis targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Sequence analysis through BLAST confirmed five fungal species: Aspergillus tamarii, Fusarium arcuatisporum, Penicillium griseofulvum, Curvularia lunata, and Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. A. tamarii had the highest frequency of occurrence (29.73%), while F. arcuatisporum had the lowest frequency (13.51%). Idi-Abebe market recorded the highest fungal distribution (40.54%), likely due to poor storage infrastructure. The predominance of mycotoxigenic species underscores the need for improved post-harvest handling, routine mycological surveillance, mycotoxin risk assessment, and storage hygiene to enhance the safety and shelf life of stored pearl millet within local value chains.
Molecular analysis; Morphological characteristics; Mycotoxins; Pearl millet; Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
Copyright (c) 2026 S. O. Sulaimon, T. Garuba, A. A. Lateef, G. S. Olahan
Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and SCCmec Typing from Poultry and Poultry Farm Workers in Kano, Nigeria
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important zoonotic pathogen increasingly associated with livestock, particularly poultry, posing a significant public health threat. This necessitates molecular epidemiological surveillance using robust typing tools such as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec typing. A cross-sectional study was conducted to characterize MRSA isolates recovered from poultry and poultry farm workers in Kano, Nigeria. S. aureus was identified using microbiological methods and by PCR targeting the nuc and mecA genes. Molecular characterization was performed using MLST based on amplification and sequencing of selected housekeeping genes, while SCCmec typing was conducted using multiplex PCR assays. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred to assess genetic diversity and clonal relatedness. A total of 13 MRSA isolates were confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene. The MLST analysis revealed multiple sequence types, indicating genetic heterogeneity among isolates, consistent with previous reports of diverse MRSA lineages in poultry environments. Three of the seven housekeeping genes were amplified. SCCmec typing identified types II and IV, with type IV being more prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of isolates from both poultry and farm workers, indicating potential cross-species transmission. This study highlights the circulation of genetically diverse MRSA strains among poultry and poultry farm workers in Kano, with evidence of shared clonal lineages. The predominance of SCCmec type IV underscores the role of community and livestock-associated MRSA in this setting. Continuous surveillance using MLST and SCCmec typing is essential to understand transmission dynamics and to inform effective control strategies at the human–animal interface.
Molecular characterization; MRSA; MLST; Poultry; SCCmec
Copyright (c) 2026 Hauwa Kawu Bala, R. K. Bala, A. Mohammed
Haematobiochemical Response of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Different Processed Forms of Piliostigma reticulatum Pods
The experiment was carried out to examine the haematological and serum biochemical response of Red Sokoto bucks fed with different processed forms of Piliostigma reticulatum pods. A completely randomised design (CRD) was used with three treatments designated as: T1 (control), T2 and T3 replicated four times for twelve weeks. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS (2002) version 9.13. The result indicated that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in packed cell volume (PCV) (27.40 – 29.90 %), haemoglobin (Hb) (9.35 - 11.10 g/dL), white blood cells WBC (104.00 - 120.70×109), Lymphocyte (91.55 – 93.40%), Monocyte (0.00 – 0.10%), Basophil (0.25 - 0.50%), Eosine (0.45 – 0.65%), Platelet (119.00 – 129.00). However, other haematological indices were significantly (p<0.05) different across the treatments. red blood cells (RBC) (10.00 – 14.50× 10^12/L), Mean corpuscular volume (35.11 – 38.32fl), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (8.90 – 10.60pg) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (31.27 – 38.95pg). Also, most of the serum biochemical indices; Na+, K+, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, bicarbonate (HCO3), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) were significantly (p<0.05) different, while chloride ion (Cl-), total and conjugated bilirubin were similar (p>0.05) across the treatments. Altogether, they were within the normal range for healthy red Sokoto bucks. Thus, implied that inclusion of Piliostigma reticulatum pod meal in the diets of red Sokoto bucks has no deleterious effect on their haematological indices; therefore, heath status may not be impaired.
Biochemical indices; Haematological; Piliostigma reticulatum pods; Red Sokoto bucks; Serum
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Yusuf, B. Ahmed, J. Yerima
Mosquito Repellency and Toxicity Effects of Hyptis suaveolens (Leaves) Against Culex Mosquito
Human pathogens that are transmitted by insects are a global problem, particularly those vectored by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are the most important group of insect vectors able to transmit several diseases, including malaria, dengue and filariasis, especially in the local environment, hence the need to find safe, locally available and environmentally benign control measures. Hyptis suaveolens is an exotic plant that has high adaptability and tolerance of changes in abiotic factors, with a particularly high presence in the northern regions of Nigeria. This study aimed at analysing the repellency and toxicity effects of Hyptis suaveolens on Culex mosquitoes. Leaves of Hyptis suaveolens were obtained from Katsina-Mani Road. Using the prepared plant extract, phytochemical screening, repellency and toxicity tests were carried out. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugar, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Total number of mosquitoes landed on the control arm was 15 (60%), followed by arm treated with 20% repellent cream, which was 3 (12%), while none (0%) landed on 40%, 60% and 100% arm treated with repellent cream. The toxicity of Hyptis suaveolens leaves against Culex mosquitoes was recorded at different concentrations, where the effect of Hyptis suaveolens leaf smoke was higher at higher concentrations and lower at lower concentrations. Further, 100% toxicity was obtained at 80 and 100% concentrations. This study revealed that an extract obtained from dried leaves of Hyptis suaveolens had the ability to repel adult Culex mosquitoes even at low concentration (40%).
Culex mosquito; Hyptis suaveolens; Katsina State; Repellency; Toxicity
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. Lawal, Z. A. Yaradua
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Horses Reared in Katsina Metropolis
Equines are animals of strength and might but the effects of Gastro intestinal parasites can greatly limit their activities. Apparently, horses can harbour over half a million gastrointestinal parasites which may include protozoans, trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. This study aimed to identify gastrointestinal parasites affecting horses reared within Katsina metropolis using coprological methods. Between the months of May and August, 2024, fresh faecal samples were collected from 135 horses within Katsina metropolis (Northern Nigeria), and analysed using the floatation techniques to detect faecal parasitic forms (eggs, oocysts) and larvae. Strongylus vulgaris was the most prevalent helminth (61.3%), followed by Oxyris equi (33.2%), then Anoplocephala spp (10.3%). Among the protozoans, Eimeria spp. (64.3 %) was more frequent, followed by Fasciola spp. (29.9 %). This study demonstrates that horses in Katsina are commonly affected by mixed infections, with Strongylus vulgaris being the most prevalent species. From the results obtained, a significant difference (P value = < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of all the gastrointestinal parasites examined between the body conditions. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of P. equorum with the sex of horses (P value = <0.05). From the findings of the present study, proper screening and monitoring of the horses should be carried out regularly, and regular and strategic deworming programmes should be carried out, as some of these parasites can be transmitted to other domestic animals, which could bring about great economic loss to society.
Gastrointestinal parasites; Horses; Katsina metropolis; Parasittic protozoans; Prevalence
Copyright (c) 2025 Z. A. Yaradua, M. Ahmad
Antibacterial Efficacy of Bioethanol Extracted from Sugarcane Juice and Corn Cob Against Escherichia coli
This study is aimed at comparing the bioethanol produced from Saccharum officinarum L. and Zea mays L. in terms of their yield, disinfectant potential and antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli. The feedstocks were sourced from the Katsina Central market, Nigeria, during the 2025 harvest season. Corncobs were pretreated by dilute acid steam explosion using 1.5% H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 60 min, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase and hemicellulase at 50°C for 72 hours. Sugarcane juice was liquefied and saccharified using α-amylase and glucoamylase. Both hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30°C for 72 hours and distilled by fractional distillation. Sugarcane juice outperformed corn cobs in process efficiency, yielding 72.8 g/L reducing sugar, 92.5% hydrolysis efficiency, 21.7% v/v ethanol, 0.401 L/kg yield, and 85.2% fermentation efficiency. Corn cobs produced 42.5 g/L reducing sugar, 68.0% hydrolysis efficiency, 16.2% v/v ethanol, 0.285 L/kg yield, and 78.5% fermentation efficiency. Quality tests showed that ethanol from corn cob had higher purity at 96.2% v/v with a clean blue flame, while sugarcane ethanol was 93.4% v/v with slight yellow flame tips indicating trace impurities. The feed stocks had acceptable acidity levels of 28–35 mg/L. Antibacterial assays at 70% v/v revealed ethanol from sugarcane completely inhibited Escherichia coli, whereas corn cob ethanol left a residual 19 CFU/mL despite higher purity. Sugarcane juice had higher fermentation efficiency and bioactivity as a first-generation feedstock, while corncobs offer a sustainable second-generation option with superior purity. Optimizing pretreatment, hydrolysis, and dehydration is essential to improve yield and consistency.
Antimicrobial activity; Bioethanol; Corn cob; Escherichia coli; Fermentation efficiency; Sugarcane juice
Copyright (c) 2026 G. O. Lawal, J. D. Buah, A. A. Omotoso
Mapping Groundwater Contamination Plumes Around an Urban Solid Waste Dumpsite Using Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Case Study of Tukur-Tukur, Zaria, Nigeria
Uncontrolled open dumpsites in peri-urban environments generate leachate that poses a persistent threat to shallow groundwater in Basement Complex terrain. This study delineates subsurface leachate plume distribution and the extent of groundwater contamination at the Tukur-Tukur dumpsite, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, using two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT). Eight 200-metre survey profiles were acquired using the ABEM LUND Imaging System with Schlumberger electrode configuration. Apparent resistivity data were inverted using RES2DINV software and correlated with borehole lithological data. The resistivity models resolved a four-layer subsurface consistent with borehole lithology: reddish lateritic clay (0–3 m), brownish sandy granite (3–6 m), weathered/fractured basement (6–36 m), and fresh crystalline basement (>36 m). Low-resistivity anomalies (<100 Ωm) in the uppermost 0–7 m across all profiles indicate pervasive topsoil contamination. Critically, anomalies of 10–80 Ωm at 28–38 m depth in the eastern sector suggest deep aquifer impairment. Root mean square errors ranged from 4.3% to 25.9%. The result indicates that plumes have migrated beyond dumpsite boundaries in all directions and have reached the principal aquifer horizon. This finding highlights the need for dumpsite engineering upgrades, water quality monitoring, and community health protective measures.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography; Groundwater contamination; Leachate plume; Nigeria; Schlumberger array; Solid waste; Zaria
Copyright (c) 2025 C. G. Afuwai, A. A. Hamza, Abubakar Ya'u Galambi
Prevalence, Species Composition, and Risk Factors of Ectoparasite Infestations in Small Ruminants in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
This present study investigated the prevalence, species composition, and risk factors associated with ectoparasite infestations in small ruminants in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 200 sheep and goats was conducted over 12 months (October 2024–September 2025) using multistage sampling across household and market systems. Standard clinical examination and parasitological techniques were employed for ectoparasite collection and identification. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite infestation was 62.0% (124/200; 95% CI: 55.1–68.4). Goats (68.0%) exhibited a higher infestation rate than sheep (56.0%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Animals sourced from markets showed significantly higher infestation compared to those from households (p < 0.05), highlighting the role of livestock aggregation in parasite transmission. Ticks were the predominant ectoparasites, with Rhipicephalus spp. (40.3%) being the most prevalent, followed by Amblyomma variegatum (19.4%) and Hyalomma spp. (11.3%). Lice (Linognathus spp. and Damalinia spp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides spp.), and mites, particularly Sarcoptes scabiei, were also identified at moderate levels, while mixed infestations occurred in 9.7% of animals. Infestation burden was strongly associated with poor body condition and intensive (confined) management systems, whereas sex had no significant influence. Adults showed higher tick burdens, while some lice and mites were more frequent in younger animals. The findings demonstrate a high burden and diverse composition of ectoparasites driven by management practices, host condition, and animal movement. Targeted control strategies integrating improved husbandry, biosecurity, and routine parasite management are essential to reduce production losses and zoonotic risks in the region.
Ectoparasites, Small ruminants, Prevalence, Risk factors, Maiduguri
Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Mohammed Bello, Jalaluddin Rabana lawal, Jamila Dauda, Hauwa Ibrahim Abdulrahman, Fatima Abba Habib, Abdullahi Abubakar Biu
Quality Evaluation of Mixed Fruits Jams Produced from Blends of Banana, Pawpaw and Date Fruit Syrup
The study was carried out to evaluate the quality of functional jams produced from banana, pawpaw and date syrup blends. Banana fruit, pawpaw fruit and date syrup were proportioned into 7 samples namely: SAM1 (100:0:0), SAM2 (30:10:60), SAM3 (35:15:50), SAM4 (40:20:40), SAM5 (45:25:30), SAM6 (50:30:20) and SAM7 (60:40:0) and used to produce jams. The jams were analysed for proximate composition, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids and antioxidant properties using standard analytical methods. Sensory properties of the jams were evaluated using the 9-point hedonic scale. The results of proximate composition ranged from 28.18-42.56% (moisture), 0.47-1.72% (protein), 1.65-2.63% (fibre), 0.18-0.56% (fat) and 1.15-1.95% (carbohydrate). The energy value ranged between 219.50 kcal and 271.78 kcal. The pH, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids ranged from 5.08-6.47, 0.42-0.81% and 56.17-71.83%, respectively. The antioxidant properties showed significant (p<0.05) differences. Sensory results revealed that the sample SAM6 containing 50% banana, 30% pawpaw and 20% date syrup had the highest score for appearance (7.10), taste (7.15), aroma (6.15), mouthfeel (7.20), texture (7.10) and general acceptability (7.35). This study proved that jams with good nutrients, high antioxidant potential and high consumer acceptability can be produced from blends of banana, pawpaw and date syrup.
Antioxidant properties, jam, proximate composition, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids
Copyright (c) 2026 Dorothy Chonomso Arukwe, Austin Ihemeje, Miriam Ifeoma Nnorom
Prevalence of Cryptococcosis among HIV Patients Attending Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Kano
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection widely associated with people living with HIV. Some even consider it one of the indicators of possible HIV infection during the peak of the HIV epidemic. The study aimed to investigate the incidence of cryptococcosis among HIV patients attending the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Kano. In the study, KOH preparation, Gram staining technique, Culture method, Indian Ink staining techniques and urease test were employed for the isolation and identification of Cryptococcus species. In the results, apart from Cryptococcus species, Candida species and molds like Aspergillus and Penicilium species were also isolated. The female patients, as well as those within the age group of 30-39 years old, were more at risk of the infection. In conclusion, Cryptococcus species remain one of the opportunistic pathogens among HIV patients, with a higher risk among females.
Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus species; HIV patients; Immunocompromised individuals; Opportunistic disease
Effects of Colchicine-Induced Polyploidy on the Nutritional Composition of Selected Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Varieties
Okra is a nutritionally important vegetable. There is limited information on the effect of colchicine on the nutritional composition of okra varieties. This study aimed to determine the varying concentration of colchicine on the nutritional composition of selected okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties' capsules. Materials and Methods: Okra seeds were treated with five different concentrations of colchicine (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0mM) for five hours. Seeds were washed and air dried for 24 hours, and then sown in a Completely Randomised Design with three replications in polythene bags and then raised to the maturity stage. Fresh okra capsules of each variety were harvested from varying concentrations of colchicine, and they were processed into fine powder. Mineral elements and proximate composition were determined using standard procedures. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied to separate the means. Results: Colchicine (0.1mM) treatment significantly (p≤0.05) increased mineral elements of capsules (P:20527.67mg/kg, Ca: 4632.81mg/kg, Mg: 2996.72mg/kg, Na: 5733.33 mg/kg and Fe: 847.27 mg/kg) and proximate composition except carbohydrate. Clemson Spinless recorded the highest Mg (12,680.39 mg/kg), Na (10,881.33 mg/kg), Zn (27.43 mg/kg), crude protein (24.51%) and carbohydrate (44.83%). Yar’Balla had the highest P content (3,376.56 mg/kg), Ash content (7.55%) and Crude fibre (19.38%). While Yar’Sumaila recorded the highest Ca (4,260.90 mg/kg), K (32,307.33 mg/kg), Fe (964.80 mg/kg), moisture (3.72%), and crude lipid content (8.20%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that colchicine-induced variation can improve mineral (P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Fe) and all proximate parameters except carbohydrate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jibril Alhaji Mohammed, Mohammed Awwal Galadima, Dalhatu Muktar Shehu, Salisu Nura, Fatima Uzairu Adamu, Ibrahim Ukandu Muhammad , Otse Alexander Ogabidu, Zubair Babakudu Ibrahim , Abdullahi Mijinyawa, Sham’un Eshi Ibrahim, Muhammad Nura Zubairu
Antibacterial Activity of Chrysophyllum albidum Plant Extracts Against Some Bacteria Isolated from Diarrhoeic Patients
This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) plant extracts of leaf, stem bark and root against some bacterial isolates from diarrhoeal patients. Both clinical and reference isolates were obtained and used to carry out this research work with the reference isolates serving as positive control. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The ethanolic root extract was fractionated and the fractions were also tested for antibacterial activities and the most active was screened for phytocompounds. Tannins, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, phytosteroids, steroids and quinones were present while alkaloids, glycosides and phlobatannins were absent in the different plant parts. The ethanolic extract was more effective against both reference and clinical isolates of S. aureus with mean zones of inhibition ranging from 16.0±1.0mm to 26.5±4.5mm, followed by E. coli with zones between 17.0±3.0mm to 24.0±1.0mm. However, S. typhimurium was less susceptible to the extract with mean zones of inhibition ranging from 16.0±1.0mm to 16.0±2.0mm. The ethanolic root extract exhibited the highest activities against both clinical and reference isolates with MICs ranging from 12.5-50mg/ml and MBCs ranging from 50-100mg/ml with MBC/MIC ratio of less than or equal to 4 for four isolates across all six isolates.
Abattoir; Escherichia coli; Pathogen; Public Health: Wastewater
Copyright (c) 2026 Martins Chukwudi Anyasi, Fatima Mohammed Musa, Anthony Joseph Dadah, Taibat Ibrahim
Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts Against Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial agents from natural sources. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of crude leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Fresh A. indica (neem) leaves were collected, authenticated, air-dried, and pulverized before extraction using ethanol and distilled water. Standard qualitative phytochemical screening methods were used to identify the presence of Phytochemical constituents. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution techniques. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenolics compounds in both extracts, with higher concentrations observed in the ethanolic extract. Both extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms, with the ethanolic extract showing larger zones of inhibition ranging from 12.5 ± 0.4 to 25.1 ± 0.5 and lower MIC and MBC values compared to the aqueous extract. The findings confirm the antibacterial potential of Azadirachta indica leaves and support their traditional use in the management of bacterial infections. The study highlights the potential of A. indica leaf extracts as alternative antimicrobial agents against Klebsiella pneumonniae and Staphylococcus aureus.
Antibacterial Activity; Azadirachta indica; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Medicinal plants; Phytochemicals; Staphylococcus aureus
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziya Rabo Muhammed, Anthony Joseph Dadah, Fatima Mohammed Musa, Taibat Ibrahim
Phytoremediation Potentials of Selected Plant Species at Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) Shooting Range, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Environmental contamination by heavy metals from industrial and military activities poses serious ecological and human health risks, particularly in shooting ranges where ammunition residues accumulate. This study assessed the phytoremediation potential and molecular characteristics of selected plant species at the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) shooting range. Soil and plant samples were collected from polluted and control sites, analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn), and translocation factors (TF) were calculated. Results indicated significant increases in Cu (67.65 ± 0.05 vs 26.55 ± 0.07 mg/kg), Cr (40.65 ± 2.05 vs 3.05 ± 2.05 mg/kg), Mg (111.50 ± 0.60 vs 54.60 ± 0.60 mg/kg), Ni (42.05 ± 0.85 vs 26.75 ± 0.85 mg/kg), Pd (21.700 ± 11.100 vs 33.400 ± 27.000) and Zn (46.55 ± 1.05 vs 21.45 ± 1.15 mg/kg) at polluted soils compared to controls, while Cd showed no significant difference. Among these plants, Chamaecrista rotondifolia exhibited high Cd and Zn accumulation with root-to-shoot TF > 1, indicating strong phytoextraction potential. Waltheria indica also exhibited high Cd and Zn accumulation with root-to-shoot TF > 1, indicating moderate phytoextraction potential. Furthermore, Aeschynomene uniflora demonstrated selective Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, and Ni translocation, while Eriosema psoraleoides and Isoberlinia doka primarily exhibited phytostabilization traits. The findings highlight species-specific strategies in metal uptake, translocation, and stabilization. Future studies should include genomic analyses to identify metal tolerance genes in these promising species.
Heavy metals; Metal accumulation; Phytoextraction; Phytoremediation; Phytostabilization; Soil contamination; Translocation factor
Copyright (c) 2026 Yakubu Magaji, Faila Atika Abubakar Garba, Mohammed Sani Abdulsalami, Yusuf Alhassan, Japheth Ishaya Auta
Feeding Habit, Length–Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Clarias gariepinus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Oreochromis niloticus in Aiba Reservoir, Osun State, Nigeria
Understanding the biology and feeding ecology of freshwater fish species is essential for sustainable fisheries management and conservation of inland water ecosystems. This study investigated the feeding habits, length–weight relationships, and condition factor of Clarias gariepinus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Oreochromis niloticus in Aiba Reservoir, Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 66 fish specimens were collected over six months and analysed using standard morphometric, biological, and stomach-content analytical procedures. Length–weight relationship parameters were estimated using least-squares regression analysis, while condition factor values were used to evaluate the physiological well-being of each species. Results revealed species-specific variations in morphometric characteristics, feeding habits, and reproductive conditions. All three species exhibited negative allometric growth patterns, indicating that increases in body length exceeded corresponding increases in body weight. Mean condition factor values were 0.94 ± 0.33 for C. gariepinus, 1.30 ± 0.23 for C. nigrodigitatus, and 1.01 ± 0.61 for O. niloticus, suggesting relatively favourable environmental conditions for growth and survival within the reservoir. Stomach-content analysis revealed active feeding across all species: O. niloticus exhibited omnivorous behaviour, C. gariepinus displayed carnivorous and opportunistic tendencies, and C. nigrodigitatus showed benthic and omnivorous feeding characteristics. Reproductive assessment identified immature, developing, mature, and spent gonadal stages, confirming active reproductive activity during the study period. These findings demonstrate that Aiba Reservoir supports fish growth, feeding, and reproduction, while providing baseline data for fisheries management, biodiversity conservation, and ecological monitoring in tropical freshwater ecosystems.
Aiba Reservoir; Allometric growth; Condition factor; Feeding ecology; Freshwater fish; Length-weight relationship; Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Rofiat Ajobi Azeez, Omonike Christianah Bakare
Age-Specific Occurrence of Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Al-majiri Pupils in Rafin Guza and Hayin Dan Bushiya Schools, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Schistosoma mansoni infection poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, with Nigeria bearing a substantial burden. Al-majiri pupils in Northern Nigeria are highly vulnerable to schistosomiasis due to poor sanitation and contaminated water contact. Despite recognized overall prevalence, study on the age-specific distribution of S. mansoni infection within the Al-majiri community in Kaduna metropolis remains an important gap for targeted control. This school-based cross-sectional study investigated 138 Al-majiri pupils aged 6-20 years from four schools in Rafin Guza and Hayin Dan Bushiya, Kaduna metropolis. Stool specimens were examined using the formalin-ether concentration technique. Participants were grouped into 6-10, 11-15 and 16-20 years age old. Pearson Chi-square (χ²) test was used to analyse locations and age-group differences. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection among the pupils was 14.5%. S. mansoni infection among Al-majiri pupils in Kaduna metropolis is significant (p = 0.003) age-dependent, with the highest burden concentrated in younger children (6-10 years) (25.4%), followed by pupils between 11-15 years old (7.8%). However, no infections were detected among pupils between 16-20 years old (0.0%). Occurrence of infection did not differ significantly between Rafin Guza (15.4%) and Hayin Dan Bushiya (13.3%). Results from this study is an indication that there is an urgent need for tailored control programmes, including routine screening, preventive chemotherapy, improved WASH interventions and age-appropriate health education, specifically targeting early school-aged Al-majiri children to achieve global elimination targets.
Age group; Al-majiri pupils; Intestinal schistosomiasis; Kaduna metropolis; Schistosoma mansoni
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Abdullahi, Karderam Bukar Dikwa, Ali Ahmed Haroun, Ebenezer Tolulope Obimakinde
In Vitro Nematocidal Effect of Leaf and Seed Extracts of Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) against Meloidogyne incognita
This study assessed the in vitro nematocidal effectiveness of Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) leaf and seed extracts against Meloidogyne incognita, a major root-knot nematode infesting tomato crops in Katsina State, Nigeria. Meloidogyne incognita was isolated from infected tomato roots and identified through morphological and perineal pattern analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids. In vitro bioassays showed that extracts, especially the combined leaf and seed extract (JWLSE), achieved significantly higher nematode mortality than controls, with a mean mortality of 10.40 (±8.45) at 24 hours. ANOVA results indicated that plant part, concentration, exposure time, and their interactions significantly affected nematode mortality (p < 0.001), explaining 99.6% of the variability (R² = 0.996). Mortality increased progressively with time, underscoring the time-dependent efficacy of the extracts. The findings support the potential of D. stramonium as a natural, environmentally friendly nematicide. It is recommended that further research focus on field trials to optimize application rates and formulations, promoting sustainable nematode management in tomato production.
Datura stramonium; In vitro; M. incognita; Phytochemical; Tomato
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Agyo-Likita, A. A. Bem, D. D. Musa
A Minireview of Seismicity in North Central Nigeria and Implications for Seismic Hazard Assessment
Recent low-to-intermediate magnitude earthquakes in North Central Nigeria, particularly around Kwoi in Southern Kaduna and Abuja region, have challenged the historical perception of the country as a seismically stable region. This minireview synthesizes current knowledge on this emerging seismic activity, its tectonic controls, and its implications for hazard assessment. The seismicity is fundamentally linked to NE-SW and NW-SW trending fault systems, such as extensions of the North Atlantic Romanche fault, which facilitate stress release within the region's complex basement terrain. The establishment of national seismic networks has enabled better characterization of these events. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) indicates Nigeria faces a non-negligible risk, with estimates suggesting potential for magnitudes up to 7.1. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values show significant spatial variation, with major urban centers like Lagos facing higher hazards. The review underscores critical gaps, including the lack of region-specific Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) and the need for detailed fault characterization. It concludes that comprehensive seismic hazard assessment, integrating geophysical data with seismic monitoring, is imperative for infrastructure resilience, building code development, and disaster preparedness in this newly recognized seismic zone.
GMPEs; Hazard; Kwoi; PGA; PSHA; Resilience; Seismicity
Copyright (c) 2025 Abubakar A. Hamza, U. Ubaidullah, Aminu U. Idris
Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Contamination in North-Central Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review
Groundwater serves as a critical freshwater resource for North Central Nigeria, yet contamination from agricultural activities, waste dumpsites, industrial effluents, and mining operations poses significant threats to water quality and public health. Geophysical methods, particularly electrical resistivity techniques, were discovered to have emerged as essential non-invasive tools for delineating contamination plumes, assessing aquifer vulnerability, and mapping subsurface hydro stratigraphy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on geophysical investigation approaches, methodological applications, contamination sources, and findings specific to North Central Nigeria, while highlighting research gaps and recommendations for sustainable groundwater management in the region.
Geophysical; Groundwater; North Central Nigeria; Research gaps; Safe Water
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar A. Hamza, Aminu U. Idris, A. Ubaidullah
Effect of Deforestation on Honey Production in Babban Buli and Gilliri Area of Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria
Beekeeping is among the most widely practiced agricultural activities worldwide and plays an important role in rural livelihoods and environmental sustainability. However, deforestation has become a major global environmental challenge, contributing to climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem instability. These changes adversely affect bee habitats, leading to reduced brood development and honey production, and in severe cases, complete colony collapse. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, agricultural expansion, and industrialization are among the major threats to bee populations and their habitats. This study investigated the effects of deforestation on beekeeping activities in Babban Buli and Gilliri areas of Bauchi State. Data were obtained through responses from local beekeepers in the two study areas. Findings revealed that the effects of deforestation were more pronounced in Babban Buli than in Gilliri. Out of 88 respondents from Babban Buli, 68.18% reported a reduction in honey yield associated with deforestation, whereas 60% of the 50 respondents from Gilliri reported similar experiences. Average yield per Hive (Kg) per harvest of 15 kg recorded the highest percentage of 40% in site B than site A 31.81818% while 30 kg recorded the lowest percentage of 19.31818% in site A than site-B 10%. Major effects identified by respondents included colony collapse, beehive loss, and reduced honey yield, with reduced honey production being the most frequently reported impact in both locations. The study therefore demonstrates that deforestation has significant negative effects on beekeeping activities in Babban Buli and Gilliri, particularly through its impact on bee colonies and honey production.
Keywords: Beekeeping; deforestation; Babban Buli; Gilliri; honey production
Copyright (c) 2026 Gayaunan Danailu, Suwaiba Hussaini, Gloria N. Joseph, Joshua I. Affiku
Retrospective Analysis of Archived Data on Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ilorin, Nigeria, with Contextual Comparison to National Estimates
Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection among pregnant women is one of the major public health concerns in Nigeria due to vertical transmission risk. This study presents a retrospective analysis of archived data collected in 2014 to determine the burden of HBV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria, and to contextually compare the findings with more recent national estimates for progress of public health interventions. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the records of 200 pregnant women who attended the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, between February and May, 2014. Relevant previously generated laboratory results, including anti-HBc IgM detected using ELISA, alongside data on demographic and risk factors, were extracted and re-analyzed using SPSS version 20. Anti-HBc IgM was used as marker of recent HBV infection, not overall HBV prevalence. An anti-HBc IgM seroprevalence of 18.0% (36/200) was observed, representing the proportion of participants with evidence of recent HBV infection at the time of data collection. The highest positivity of 21.4% was found within the 30-34-year age-group, while the identified significant risk factors included a polygamous family structure (26.7% vs. 15.5% in monogamous families; p=0.002), history of surgery (p=0.003), and traditional circumcision (p=0.001). This retrospective analysis of archived 2014 data suggests a high burden of recent HBV infection among pregnant women in Ilorin at the time of study. The study underscores the need for strengthened antenatal screening, improved vaccination coverage, and updated studies to better define the current epidemiological situation.
Hepatitis B virus, prevalence, transmission, risk factors, pregnant women, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 John Olarewaju Adeyemi, Muhammed Suleiman, Oluwatoyin Grace Ariyo, Rasheed Tunde Lawal, Olatunji Matthew Kolawole
Genetic Polymorphisms of Toll-like Receptor 2 (rs7656411) among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Selected Healthcare Facilities in Abeokuta, Ogun State
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a key pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system that detects components of Mycobacterium species and initiates immune responses against infection. Dysfunction of TLR2 can impair this recognition, potentially increasing disease susceptibility. This study investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR2 gene, specifically rs7656411, are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB). The research used a case-control design conducted between November 2024 and January 2025. It included 83 patients diagnosed with pTB and 47 healthy controls. Diagnosis of pTB was confirmed using blood and sputum samples through microscopic examination and molecular testing with GeneXpert. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and the TLR2 rs7656411 SNP was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). The study population was predominantly male, making up 60% of participants, with females accounting for 40%. The largest age group was 31-40 years, representing 40% of the sample. Demographically, 68.5% identified as Christian, 60.8% were married, and 40% worked as traders. Educational attainment was relatively high, with 66.9% having a tertiary education. Ethnically, 71% were Yoruba. By comparing the distribution of TLR2 rs7656411 SNPs between pTB patients and healthy controls, the study aimed to determine if this genetic variation impairs TLR2 function and contributes to increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. The findings clarify the role of host genetic factors in TB susceptibility and inform future research on targeted prevention or treatment strategies for high-risk individuals.
Single nucleotide polymorphism; Southwestern Nigeria; Susceptibility; Toll-like receptor 2; Tuberculosis
Copyright (c) 2026 Rodiah Opeyemi Abubakre, Toyosi Yekeen Raheem, Omonike Christianah Bakare, Bukola Ayodeji Bamikefa, Roland Ibenipere Funwei , Rasheed Adedapo Bakare
Assessment of Mosquito Prevalence and Development of Integrated Control Strategies in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major public health challenge in urban Nigeria, particularly in rapidly expanding cities with poor environmental sanitation and inadequate drainage infrastructure. This study assessed mosquito prevalence and developed integrated control strategies in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The study period spans from December 2025 to April 2026. Preliminary findings indicate marked variations in mosquito abundance across planned and unplanned settlements within the metropolis. Unplanned settlements recorded substantially higher mosquito densities due to poor waste disposal practices, blocked drainage channels, stagnant water accumulation and overcrowded housing conditions. Three major mosquito genera were identified, namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes, with Culex quinquefasciatus constituting the dominant species. Major breeding habitats included blocked drains, discarded tyres, construction pits and domestic water storage containers. Mosquito abundance showed clear seasonal variation, increasing during periods of rainfall and declining during the dry season. Community assessment revealed moderate awareness of malaria transmission but poor knowledge of other mosquito-borne diseases and inadequate environmental management practices. A positive association was observed between mosquito abundance and reported malaria incidence in health facilities. The study highlights the importance of integrated vector management involving environmental sanitation, drainage improvement, larval source reduction, public health education and community participation. Strengthening surveillance systems and promoting sustainable urban sanitation policies are essential for reducing mosquito proliferation and disease transmission in Kaduna metropolis.
Culex quinquefasciatus; Integrated vector management; Malaria; Mosquito prevalence; Urban ecology
Copyright (c) 2026 Michael Ogar Agi, Collins Inegbenosun, Constance O. Inegbenosun, Fatelyn Okakah
Sub-chronic Administration of Fearless Energy Drink Alters Hippocampal Expression of DRD2, COMT, and OPRM1 in Albino Rats
Increasing consumption of energy drinks has raised concerns regarding their effects on neurobiological pathways involved in reward processing and addiction. This study evaluated the effect of sub-chronic administration of Fearless Energy Drink (FED) on hippocampal expression of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and mu-1 opioid receptor (OPRM1) genes in albino rats. Twenty-four adult albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6). The control group received distilled water, while the treatment groups received FED orally at 7, 14, and 21 mL/kg body weight daily for 60 days. On day 61, hippocampal tissues were collected for gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Relative gene expression was determined using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. FED administration altered hippocampal expression of all three genes. DRD2 expression was reduced in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, with fold-change values of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.61, respectively. COMT expression was also down-regulated across treated groups, with fold-change values of 0.005, 0.008, and 0.007. OPRM1 exhibited marked reductions, with fold-change values of 0.0002, 0.0018, and 0.0018 in the respective dose groups. Although all genes were down-regulated, the dose-response pattern was not consistently linear. Sub-chronic FED exposure was associated with down-regulation of DRD2, COMT, and OPRM1 expression in the hippocampus of albino rats. These findings suggest that prolonged energy drink consumption may influence gene-regulatory pathways linked to reward-related neurobiology. Further studies incorporating behavioural and protein-level assessments are warranted.
Addiction-related genes; albino rats; COMT; DRD2; energy drink; gene expression
Copyright (c) 2026 Yahaya Hassan Ahmed Gandawa, Fatima Dibal Shettima, Garba Uthman Sadiq
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Babesiosis in Cattle and Sheep in Katsina Central Abattoir, Katsina State, Nigeria
Babesiosis is a tick-borne haemoparasitic disease of considerable economic importance in tropical livestock systems. However, there is limited recent epidemiological information on its prevalence and associated risk factors among slaughtered animals in Katsina State, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of babesiosis and assess associated risk factors in cattle and sheep slaughtered at Katsina Central Abattoir. A total of 300 animals, comprising 150 cattle and 150 sheep, were sampled. Paired blood samples were collected from the jugular vein during slaughtering into EDTA bottles and examined using standard parasitological techniques. Data on host factors such as sex, age, and breed were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. The overall prevalence of babesiosis was 7.0% (21/300). In cattle, females had a slightly higher prevalence (8.30%) than males (7.14%), while in sheep, females (6.19%) were more infected than males (5.40%); however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Breed-related variation was observed, with White Fulani cattle showing higher infection compared to Red Bororo and Yankasa sheep having a higher prevalence than Balami sheep, although this association was marginal (p = 0.05). Age-specific prevalence varied across groups, but no statistically significant association was found between age and infection in both cattle and sheep (p > 0.05). The disease showed moderate prevalence among slaughtered cattle and sheep in Katsina, although the assessed risk factors were not statistically significant. Improved tick control, especially against Rhipicephalus species, is recommended to reduce disease burden.
Babesiosis; Cattle; Katsina; Microscopic examination; PCV; Sheep
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Dalhat, J. B. Orpin, Adamu Isa, M. Kabir, Aminu Abubakar, Yusuf Ado